Journal of a fur-trading expedition on the upper Missouri 1812-1813

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JOURNAL OF A FUR-TRADING

EXPEDITION ON THE

UPPER MISSOURI

1812-1813

JOURNAL OF A FUR-TRADING

EXPEDITION ON THE

UPPER MISSOURI

1812-1813

By JOHN C. LUTTIG

CLERK OF THE MISSOURI FUR COMPANY

Edited by
STELLA M. DRUMM

ST. LOUIS

MISSOURI HISTORICAL SOCIETY
1920

Of this book, three hundred and sixty-five copies

have been printed from type, of

which this copy is

No.

Copyright, 1920,
By Missouri Historical Society

HD

66375

"

Franklin Hudson Press
Kansas City, Mo.

TO
WILLIAM KEENEY BIXBY,

A TRIBUTE
OF APPRECIATION

CONTENTS

PAGE

Introduction 1 1

Journal *7

ILLUSTRATIONS

Sakakawea From a photograph supplied by the sculptor,

Bruno Louis Zimm Frontispiece

First page of Journal Facing page 27

Manuel Lisa Facing page 45

Charles Sanguinet, fils Facing page 76

Fort Manuel From a drawing by W. O. Bassford .... Facing page 95

Court Minute of Guardianship Facing page 106

Map End of Volume

APPENDIX

Letters from Christian Wilt to John C. Luttig r29

Biographical Sketch of Sakakawea IJ*

Biographical Sketch of Toussaint Charbonneau 135

Letter from Major Joshua Pilcher to Hon. T. H. Crawford 14.0

Biographical Sketch of Manuel Lisa I4 1

Letter from Lisa to "The Spaniards of New Mexico" 141

Biographical Sketches of:

Michael E. Immell 143

Amos Richardson 144

Colonel Eli B. Clemson H5

Francois Robidou 147

Louis Bissonet, dit Bijou H^

Charles Sanguinet, fils H9

Reuben Lewis 15

Major John Dougherty IS*

Jean Baptiste Point du Sable 153

Auguste Durocher T 55

Antoine Citoleux, dit Langevin 1 S&

List of Engages of the Missouri Fur Company, 1812-1813 i$7

II

INTRODUCTION

Here is set forth the diary of a fur trader,
giving an account of a voyage for the Missouri
Fur Company, and the daily events at Fort
Manuel. This unsigned manuscript, in the col-
lections of the Missouri Historical Society, was
thought worthy of publication, because, among
other reasons, of its connection with two prom-
inent members of the Lewis and Clark expedi-
tion, and of its circumstantial accounts of in-
cidents of the fur trade.

The journal was kept in a hand-made book,
without covers, thirteen inches long, eight inches
wide, and containing fifty pages. It was writ-
ten in a very good hand, as may be seen from
the fac-simile page herewith.

The identity of the author was naturally the
first subject of inquiry, and here was presented
a difficult problem. There is nothing in the
journal that gives any aid in this regard, ex-
cepting the handwriting and the style of expres-
sion. This latter feature, however, furnished a
valuable clew. Certain faults in the spelling
and use of the English language peculiar to
persons of German origin and education, and
the unusual formation of the letter "r," sug-
gested a search for German names in the list

12

of the engages of the expedition. There are
two such in the list, one of whom is John C.
Luttig. While digging in the old St. Louis
County court records I was rewarded by the
discovery of papers signed by Luttig, and a
comparison of the handwriting with that of
the journal proved, beyond any doubt, that
John C. Luttig was the author.

The next inquiry suggesting itself was for per-
sonal details concerning Luttig. Of course, it
is evident that he was the clerk of the expedition,
and this position was doubtless one of import-
ance. We are informed by historians that the
clerk was next in authority to the bourgeois,
succeeding the latter in command during his
absence, and frequently taking entire charge of
posts. It was a part of his duties to keep a
journal.

The course of German immigration in those
early days pointed to the records of Pennsyl-
vania as a proper field of research, but all of the
work in that direction was without any gain or
encouragement. Strangely enough, a wealth of
material was right at hand. There is an old
letter-copy book of Christian Wilt, formerly of
Pennsylvania, in the Missouri Historical Soci-
ety, and in this are many copies of letters mak-
ing reference to Luttig, beginning with July 3,
1813. From these references it appears that

13

Luttig was a merchant of some importance in
the city of Baltimore before coming to St.
Louis. There is also evidence in the Missouri
Fur Company account books that he served as
clerk and assistant auctioneer at a sale held by
the Fur Company at St. Louis in July, 1809,
this being the first record of him in St. Louis.
From documents in the court-houses at St.
Louis and St. Charles it appears that Luttig
sued Auguste Chouteau for salary and com-
mission for serving as auctioneer when the per-
sonal property of Julien Dubuque, deceased,
was sold at Mine d'Espagne (now Dubuque,
Iowa), July 28, 1810. The petition in the case
was in handwriting exactly like the manuscript
journal.

From Christian Wilt's letters, copies of sev-
eral of the most interesting being included in
the Appendix to this volume, we learn of many
of the personal characteristics of the author
of the journal at least from the view-point
of Wilt. And this is the only source of infor-
mation, as the Maryland records are barren of
reference to Luttig or his antecedents.

It appears that Mr. Wilt engaged Luttig,
sometime about July 3, 1813, to make a voyage
from St. Louis to New Orleans in furtherance
of Wilt's mercantile business, which included the
manufacture of soap, the distilling of liquors,

14

and the operation of a mill. Wilt describes
Luttig as a man who "unfortunately drinks,
but who is an excellent hand to sell goods, is
active and withal a very clever fellow." On
September 18, 1813, Wilt tells of losing Luttig
to Gov. Clark, who, he says, could not do with-
out him. Ten months later, on July 5, 1814,
Luttig seems to be on an expedition for Wilt
"on the White River and in the Spanish coun-
try," he having started before that date on the
voyage. He returned to St. Louis sometime in
August, 1814, having been the bearer of a letter
from Major Lovely of Arkansas to Gov. Clark,
of date August 9, 1814.

Luttig remained in the employ of Wilt until
his death, which took place about July 19, 1815,
in the town of Lawrence, Arkansas, then part
of the Territory of Missouri. Notice of letters
of administration was published by Elizabeth
Luttig and Moses Graham, joint administrators,
in the Missouri Gazette, July 13, 1816. I have
been unable to find any court record of this
administration. A few months previous to his
death Luttig was appointed justice of the peace
"within and for the settlement of White River"
in Lawrence County, by Gov. Clark.

The journal covers a period when the fur
trade was at its worst. The war with England
affected the Indians and consequently the fur

IS

trade. The St. Louis Missouri Fur Company
went through a reorganization at this time and
incorporated under the name of the Missouri
Fur Company. In the expedition of this year,
which cost about $11,000, the first boat started
from St. Louis on May 2d, 1812, and the other
boat followed four days later. The expedition
seems to have terminated in confusion and the
diary, unfortunately, stops abruptly on March
3, 1813. The reason for all this seems apparent
from the Missouri Gazette of June 5th, 1813,
which contains an article in substance as follows:

"Mr. Lisa of the Missouri Fur Company
arrived in St. Louis a few days ago from the
Mandan villages on the Missouri; the Aricaras,
Chyans, Grosventre, Crows and Aropahays are
or may be considered at war with the Ameri-
cans. The British Northwest Company, hav-
ing a number of trading-houses within a short
distance of the Missouri, are enabled to embroil
our people with the savages, who are constant'
ly urged to cut them off."

While the newspaper article says nothing
about the number of men killed, Christian Wilt,
in one of his letters, stated that fifteen of Man-
uel Lisa's men on this expedition had been killed
by the Sioux and that the Mandan Fort had to
be abandoned. Where and how the members
of this expedition spent the time between March

i6

3, the date of the last entry in the journal, and
the arrival of Lisa in St. Louis in the early part
of June, is an interesting problem. It certainly
did not take all this time to make the home-
ward journey. The hardships must have been
such as to discourage the keeping of a diary,
or else the work devolved upon some other per-
son. Lisa's difficulties with the Indians com-
pelled him to leave the Ankara country, and
having reached less hostile territory, he might
have been able to concentrate his forces and
establish himself among the Omahas. General
Chittenden has suggested that the noted Fort
Lisa, near old Council Bluffs, was erected dur-
ing the War of 1812. While I have not found
any positive proof of the fact, I think the Fort
was probably built on the return voyage of this
expedition ; at any rate, the great length of time
consumed on their return could be explained
in that way.

An expedition into the Spanish country is
also mentioned in this journal. The enterpris-
ing Manuel Lisa, for the purpose of extending
his operations into the Southwest, sent twenty-
three of his hunters to trade with the Span-
iards; this was in about 1810. They went into
the Arapaho country, under the leadership of
Jean Baptiste Champlain and Jean Baptiste
Lafarque, where they knew the Spanish traders

would be found. Fearing that the McKnight-
Chambers-Baird outfit, which left St. Louis af-
ter the Lisa party, might interfere with his plans,
Lisa, on September 8, 1812, addressed a letter
to the Spaniards of New Mexico. In this he
urged them as his compatriots to communicate
with him, enter into negotiations, or send some-
one back to Fort Manuel with his messenger.
This letter, set out in full in the Appendix, and
the entries in the journal bear somewhat on the
mysteries surrounding Ezekiel Williams, and his
experiences in Colorado.

An interesting letter from Williams, published
in the Missouri Gazette, September 14, 1816,
was reprinted in the Missouri Historical Society
Collections, Vol. 4, p. 292. Williams, at the
time it was written, was under suspicion of
murdering his comrade, Jean B. Champlain,
and for this reason sent the above-mentioned
letter for publication. The facts gleaned from
Lisa's and Williams' letters are these:

In 1810, as stated above, Lisa equipped and
sent twenty-three of his hunters to trade with
the Arapahoes. After their return from a suc-
cessful season, he again equipped and sent them
back in charge of Champlain. Apparently, on
this second trip, which no doubt left in the late
spring of 1811, Ezekiel Williams joined the
party. They journeyed south from the Mis-

18

souri River and spent the winter on the Ar-
kansas, where they hunted and trapped unmo-
lested by the Indians. The next spring the
Indians commenced harassing and robbing the
company, and at the rendezvous on the Platte,
as Williams says, in June, they took counsel
with each other and decided it would be best
to separate. Eight or ten crossed the Rocky
Mountains, while the remainder, including
Champlain and Williams, went south along the
Mountains. In this respect Williams' and Lut-
tig's versions are almost identical. (See entry
of December 12, 1812.) After crossing the Ar-
kansas River, Williams and his party were in-
formed by the Indians that the fort on the
Missouri was broken up; that Manuel Lisa had
fallen out with the Indians near there; and that
the Indians and trappers were killing each other
whenever they chanced to meet. The party
then concluded it was impossible to return to
the Missouri and divided up again, four de-
ciding to try to find the Spanish settlements,
and Champlain, two hired men, two French-
men, and Williams remaining together. After
a few months (so Williams says) of hunting and
trapping, three of the party were killed by the
Indians, leaving Champlain, Williams, and a
man named Porteau. These decided to go to
the Arapaho village for protection, where, ac-

19

cording to Williams, they found the horses and
equipment of their murdered comrades. The
chief of this tribe advised them to spend the
winter with him, assuring them of their safety
and warning them that if they attempted to
return they would surely be killed. Champ-
lain and Porteau concluded to follow this ad-
vice and remained, while Williams decided to
make an attempt to find the white people or
other place of safety. After many vicissitudes,
Williams reached Boonslick, after having been
robbed and imprisoned by the Kansas Indians
and rescued by the Osages. According to Major
George C. Sibley, Indian Agent for the Osages,
Williams reached Arrow Rock on November 30,
1813. The thrilling experiences of Williams
constitute the basis of Coyner's Lost Trappers,
an exaggerated and inaccurate narrative, to say
the least.

Williams further tells about his seeing Manuel
Lisa afterwards in St. Louis, of Lisa's recount-
ing to him the difficulties they had with the In-
dians, and stating to him that his comrades had
not returned; that they were certainly killed
if they went the road which they talked about
at the parting. This statement is somewhat
questionable, considering the entry made by
Luttig in December, 1812. Lisa then knew of
Champlain's death, having sent three of his

20

men, Charles Sanguinet fits, Charles Latour,
and Chevalier cadet, in search of Champlain
and his party, and they had returned without
finding them.

In May, 1814, Williams started back to the
Arapaho village to recover the furs that he had
left there. When he arrived, he inquired for
his companions, and was told by the chief that
three days after his departure they went up the
river hunting. Soon afterwards they returned
and decided to make an attempt to get back
to the fort on the Missouri. They loaded all
their furs on their eleven horses and started
toward the Missouri; that later the Crow In-
dians told the Arapahoes that they had seen
two white men dead in their camp, whom they
believed were Williams' companions, Champlain
and Porteau.

Unfortunately for Manuel Lisa and his com-
pany, as well as for McKni^ht and his party,
the time was not auspicious for trade with the
Spaniards or the Southwest Indians, for the
men of these parties who were not killed, or
lucky like Williams, were thrown into prison
to languish for many years.

The various expeditions conducted by the
Missouri Fur Company were better known as
"Lisa's expeditions." To speak of any one of
them is to call to mind the personal character

21

of Manuel Lisa. His successes as a trader are
not more interesting than his influence over the
Indians, notably in connection with the War of
1812. It may be well to quote from Lisa him-
self while commenting upon his methods and
achievements. In his letter of resignation as
sub-agent for the Indian tribes of the Upper
Missouri, he reviews the subject with much
earnestness and rises to the point of eloquence.
Here he says :

"I have had some success as a trader; and
this success gives rise to many reports. 'Man-
uel Lisa must cheat the Government, and Man-
uel Lisa must cheat the Indians; otherwise he
could not bring down every summer many boats
loaded with furs.'

"'Cheat the Indians.' The respect and friend-
ship which they have for me, the security of
my possessions in the heart of their country,
respond to this charge, and declare, with voices
louder than the tongues of men, that it can
not be true. 'But Manuel Lisa gets so much
rich fur!' Well, I will explain how I get it.
First, I put into my operations great activity.
I go a great distance, while some are consider-
ing whether they will start today or tomorrow.
I impose upon myself great privations. Ten
months in the year I am buried in the depths
of the forest, at a vast distance from my own

22

house. I appear as the benefactor, not as the
pillager of the Indian. I carried among them
the seed of the large pumpkin, from which I
have seen in their possession fruit weighing one
hundred and sixty pounds. Also the large bean,
the potato, the turnip; and these vegetables
now make a comfortable part of their subsist-
ence; and this year I have promised to carry
the plough. Besides, my blacksmiths work in-
cessantly for them, charging nothing. I lend
them traps, only demanding a preference in
their trade. My establishments are the refuge
of the weak and of the old men no longer able
to follow their lodges; and by these means I
have acquired the confidence and friendship of
these nations, and the consequent choice of
their trade."

In the matter of his efforts to prevent the
English from effectively gaining the aid of the
Indians during the war, it may be safely as-
serted that Lisa was of great benefit to his
country. Had the English been successful in
uniting the Sioux tribes, the effect upon the
people of Missouri would have been very seri-
ous, and it is difficult to estimate the extent of
damage which might have resulted to our
cause. England had sent emissaries into the
Indian country, using many artful methods to
set them against the Americans. But Lisa,

23

knowing the pliable nature of the Indian char-
acter, entirely overcame the English strategy
with some of his own, and only lost a few of
some of the tribes to the English cause.

It was during this war with England that Lisa
received his appointment as sub-agent of the
Indian tribes inhabiting the Missouri River
above the mouth of the Kansas. At that time
the British agents had armed all of the tribes
of the Upper Mississippi and northern Lakes,
as well as some of the Missouri River Indians,
and Lisa himself was the victim of the first at-
tacks against American citizens directed by the
English. More than a year before the war
broke out Lisa had warned Gen. Clark that the
English were gaining considerable influence with
the Indians along the banks of the Missouri
River,' by means of gifts and bribery, and that
all the natives along that river were bung in-
vited to join a universal confederacy of Indians,
nominally for protection against the American
invaders. He also asserted that the Indians of
the Missouri were to the Upper Mississippi as
four to one and that their weight would be
very great should the English accomplish their
purpose.

As it turned out, the Missouri River Indians
used their arms against the British allies and
struck the lowas. When peace was proclaimed,

24

more than forty chiefs "had intelligence with
Lisa," and together they were planning a cam-
paign of several thousand warriors against the
tribes of the Upper Mississippi, expecting to
quiet them with one blow. Part of Lisa's strat-
egy was to excite war between some of the
tribes, thus keeping them too busy with their
own affairs to permit of intermeddling with the
war between England and the United States.

In the same letter of resignation Lisa says,
by way of conclusion: "These things have I
done, and I propose to do more. The Ricaras
and the Mandans, the Gros-Ventres and the
Assinniboins, find themselves near the estab-
lishment of Lord Selkirk, upon the Red River.
They can communicate with it in two or three
days. The evils of such a communication will
strike the minds of all persons, and it is for those
who handle the power to dilate upon them.
For me, I go to form another establishment to
counteract the one in question, and shall labor
to draw upon us the esteem of these nations,
and to prevent their commerce from passing
into the hands of foreigners."

The journal gives new light on Charbonneau,
and the "Snake wife of Charbonneau," who can
be none other than Sakakawea of Lewis and
Clark fame. The references, taken together
with certain well-known facts and records, tend

to disprove a good many theories concerning
both of these characters.

To the enthusiasm imparted by Judge Walter
B. Douglas and his constant encouragement I
owe the completion of this undertaking. His
expert knowledge of the subjects of the diary
have made his suggestions and criticisms of
very great value. I am indebted and thankful
to many others, especially to those mentioned
in my notes.

STELLA M. DRUMM,
Librarian, Missouri Historical Society.
St. Louis, July 2, 1920.

[1812] 27

JOURNAL

1812

Friday the 8th of May I started from St. Louis
to Bellefontaine 1 to meet the Boats bound
up the Missouri River, arrived there at I.
oclock P. M., took in Meal and Corn, ar-
ranged the Loading, and started at 3. oclock,
went about 4. miles with a head wind.

Saturday, the 9th head wind and strong Cur-

^Fort Bellefontaine, first a Spanish military post, then an Indian
Factory of the United States Government, and later United States Mil-
itary Fort, was located on the south bank of the Missouri River, 4
miles above its mouth, and 15 miles from St. Louis, in what is now
St. Louis County, Missouri.

The Indians demanding a military post at this point, it was stipu-
lated in a treaty made at St. Louis, November 3, 1804, between William
H. Harrison, Governor of Indiana and the District of Louisiana, and
the head chiefs of the Sac and Fox tribes of Indians, that the United
States would establish a trading-house or factory at a point where
these tribes could be supplied with goods at a more reasonable rate
than they had been accustomed to enjoy. In accordance with this
agreement, in August, 1805, Gen. James Wilkinson, then commanding
the Army, was directed to select a site for the proposed factory and to
occupy the same with troops. On the loth of August, 1805, he re-
ported that his troops had encamped at " Cold Water on a high, dry
narrow bottom of the Missouri River near a fountain of pure water,
competent to supply 1,000 men daily," * * "and where they are
now actively engaged on the work of the cantonment, and in collecting
materials for building of the factory." This cantonment was given the
name of Fort Bellefontaine for the abundant spring of pure water in
its midst. Col. Thomas Hunt was first in command at this post. In
1808 the Indian factory, which had been during its existence under
the charge of Rudolph Tillier as Factor, was discontinued, because it
was found to have been inconveniently placed.

From 1809 to 1815 Fort Bellefontaine was the headquarters of
the Department of Louisiana, which included Forts Madison, Massac,
Osage, and Vincennes, and during the War of 1812 was frequently
threatened by marauding bands of Indians^

On July TO, 1826, the cantonment was abandoned as a military
post in favor of a larger and permanent fort below St. Louis, although
a smal! arsenal of deposit was maintained at Fort Bellefontaine until
1834. Only the stone magazine building is still standing.

28 [1812]

rents made very little way, at noon met Mr.
Immel 2 with his Boat coming from his win-
ter quarters of the Sioux, this Morning Mr.
Manuel came on Board at the Charbonnier 3
made about 8 miles distance.

Sunday, the loth, came too opposite 4 St. Charles 5
at noon Mr. Manuel Lisa crossed for some
Men, rested all Day.

Monday the nth Mr. Manuel Lisa & Choteau 6
came on Board at 9. oclock A. M. took in
some traps, and made the best of our way at
12. oclock, having a head wind made very
little distance.

Thuesday. the I2th, head wind and strong Cur-
rent, made not much Distance.

Wednesday, the I3th, the same as yesterday.
Thursday, the I4th, the same

For a sketch of Michael E. Immell, see Appendix.

La Charbonniere, the name given to a coal-bank on the right shore
of the Missouri River, near Florissant, and about twelve miles above
its confluence with the Mississippi. In French this word strictly means
a place in the forest where coal is made, but as applied to the bluff on
the Missouri it means the place where mineral coal is procured.

4 Bonhomme Township, St. Louis County, Missouri.

St. Charles is situated on the north bank of the Missouri River,
about thirty miles above its confluence with the Mississippi. It is
the seat of justice of St. Charles County, and was the first capita! of
the State of Missouri. St. Charles was settled by the French about
1785, who called the place "Les Petite Cotes" and "Village des Cotes,"
from the fact that the village was situated at the foot of a range of
small hills. The place was officially known as St. Charles soon after
its settlement, as a concession from the Spanish Government to Au-
guste Chouteau, in 1787, is described as being for fifteen arpentsof land
above St. Charles, while a letter from the Spanish Governor, in 1792,
refers to the village as "San Carlos."

Probably Pierre Chouteau brother of Auguste Chouteau, one of
the founders of St. Louis.

[1812] 29

friday. the I5th in the Morning about 8 oclock
Mr. Majet, 7 Patroon 8 of the large Boat fell
over Board on account of a Log shamming
against the Rudder, he saved himself by tak-
ing hold of the Rudder, and got on Board,
both Rudder Irons, brocke and Lost, were
detained to make a steering Oar, head wind
all Day, sent some Irons on shore by Mr.
Richardson, 9 and camped at Burgois Creek. 10

Saturday, the 16, detained on Account of the
Iron, which however came about II oclock
A. M., hard Rain and bad weather, fixed the
Rudder and went about 2 Miles distance.
Killed i Deer.

7 Jean Baptiste Mayet was living in Carondelet, St. Louis County,
Missouri, in 1790. On April 17, 1807, he left St. Louis with Manuel
Lisa on a trapping expedition and returned in August, 1808. He con-
tinued in the employ of Lisa and the Missouri Fur Company for a
great many years, and they seem to have found him both competent
and trustworthy. Mayet married by civil contract, in 1816, Joette
Demaret, and on July 8, 1821, the marriage was solemnized in the
Catholic Cathedral in St. Louis.

'Patron. The crew of a keel-boat in the fur trade called a "brig-
ade "frequently consisted of as many as a hundred men, although
this number included many hunters and trappers, en route to the
mountains, who were not regular boatmen. They went well armed,
and every boat carried on her bow a small cannon, called a "swivel.
The captain of the boat, called the "patron" did the steering, and his
assistant, called the ll bosseman" stood on the bow, pole in hand, and
gave directions to the men on the cordelle. It was necessary that these
officers should be men of great energy, physical strength, and personal
courage. The sail was seldom used, except m the upper river, where
the absence of timber rendered the wind available. (Chappell, Phil E.,
History of the Missouri River, 1905.)

9 For a sketch of Amos Richardson, see Appendix.

*Berger River, or Creek, is the "Shepherd River" of the Lewis and
Clark journals. Berger Creek comes into the bottom two miles above
its mouth and is here joined by Little Berger Creek, which runs about
four and a half miles in the bottom before its confluence, and the two
make what is known as Berger's Bottom, forming a sort of island six
or seven miles long. (Coues ed. Pike, 2:365.)

30 [1812]

Sunday, the lyth blowing very hard ahead and
strong Current we had to stop for several
hours, made sail about 2 P. M., just at start-
ing a Bear crossed the River towards us,
Killed him close in shore, and found him
very fat.

Monday. i8th, still head wind the Rudder Irons
of the little Boat brocke, and had to lay by
all Day. this Day killed four Deer 2 Turkeys.

Thuesday. I9th bad weather and head wind
made about one mile all Day distance.

Wednesday 20, head wind and strong Current,
made not much Distance.

Thursday, the 21. arrived at n. oclock A. M.
at Cote sans Dessein, 11 rested all Day. traded t
some Beaver, and took LaChapel 12 on Board.

Friday, the 22d. started at 6 in the Morning

"Cote sans Dessein was the first settlement of white men in Calla-
way County, having been established as a village by the French traders,
who erected a fort there, in 1808. It was once a village of considerable
importance, containing a block-house during the War of 1812, and being
the scene of some hard-fought battles with the Indians. It has ceased
to exist, however, even the post-office having been discontinued. The
township now including the place of former settlement has been given
its name, and the hill which marked the place, and from which the
name Cote sans Dessein is derived, can still be identified.

I2 jean Baptiste Lachapelle was the son of Jean Baptiste Lachapelle
of Kaskaskia, Illinois, and Cija, an Osage Indian woman. He was
born in St. Louis, October 10, 1792, and was probably the grandson
of Bazile and Marie (Lumandiere) Lachapelle of Montreal, who came
to Kaskaskia about 1760. The name was originally Janot, and in the
Kaskaskia records it is frequently designated as Lachapelle, dit Janot. *
Jean Baptiste Lachapelle, fits, was in the employ of the Missouri Fur
Company from its organization until its dissolution, serving part of
that time as a free trapper. He was no doubt a kinsman of Louis
Lachapelle, interpreter at the Pawnee village, who was slain in battle
there June 27, 1843; also of David Lachapelle, hunter and interpreter at
the Ankara and Pawnee villages, mentioned by Murray and Maximilian.

[1812] 31

with a favorable breeze, found the River more
gentled, had fine weather. Killed two Deer
and I Bear, made good head way.

Saturday, the 23d, fine weather & fair wind
made about 25 miles distance. Killed I Deer.

Sunday, the 24th clear weather and fair wind
made about 20 miles, and camped about I
mile above the Widow Cole, 13 Killed I Deer
and I Bear.

Monday the 25th commenced with a thunder
storm and hard Rain, cleared up about II
A. M. with a fine fair wind, made about 27.
Miles, and killed i Bear.

Thuesday the 26, hard Rain and squalls all Day
made not much distance, killed i Bear 2
Turkeys.

Wednesday, the 27. bad weather and head wind
again, killed two Deer, and made not much
distance.

13 This was Hannah Cole, who erected a fort on the edge of the bluff
near the River, in what is now East Boonville, Cooper County, Mis-
souri. Before her marriage she was Hannah Allison, and married Wil-
liam T. Cole of Wythe County, Virginia. In 1801 the Coles with their
nine children emigrated to Wayne County, Kentucky, where they re-
mained seven years, and then moved to Missouri, locating on Loutre
Island. During the second year (1810) of the family's residence on
Loutre Island, William T. Cole was killed by the Indians. Soon after
this event, the widow and her children, together with her brother-in-
law Stephen Cole and his family, went to Cooper County, they having
the distinction of being the first white families to locate west of Frank-
lin County and south of the Missouri River. Mrs. Cole was a very
heroic and energetic woman. She secured a license to operate the first
regularly established ferry in that county, and it was in her home
that the first session of the Circuit Court was held in 1816. The chil-
dren of William T. and Hannah Cole were: Jennie, Mattie, Dikie,
Nellie, James, Holbart, Stephen, William, and Samuel.

32 [1812]

Thursday, the 28, head wind and strong Cur-
rent accompanied by heavy Squalls, LaChapel
killed a fine female Bear, and 3 of her Cubs,
and I Turkey, made only 5 miles this Day
and camped at black snake Creek. 14

friday. the 29th departed at Day light, oppo-
site the little Osage Island 15 we were obliged
to stop on account of head wind and strong
Current, arranged a new top Mast, went fish-
ing with the Seine and caught 13 large fish
I Turtle, the wind having comewhat abated
we made way at 2 P. M. but still wind
ahead, at the little Osage Prairie 16 we stopped
for the little Boat which got aground, met
a shoal of Cat fish close in shore the men who
were Cordelling killed one with a stick which
weighed after cleaning 40 Ibs, went on a little
way and found a small Run full of fish, the
other Boat not having come up as yett we
took our Seine and caught 161 Bass and oth-

l4 Lewis and Clark camped on Black Snake Creek on their out-
ward voyage, June 14, 1804. It is not shown on the present maps.

"Little Osage Island, near the site of Fort Orleans, which was
established in 1721 by Etienne Venyard de Bourgmont.

i6 Little Osage Prairie, called Petite-sas-Plains, in Saline County,
Missouri, about seventeen miles above the mouth of Grand River, was
the site of the ancient village of the Little Osage Indians, and was one
of the most historic spots in Missouri. It was at one time the home
of the Missouri's, as well as that branch of the Osages known as the
Little Osages, or the Little Tribe. Mr. Phil E. Chappell, in his His-
ory of the Missouri River, says that "the loc ation of these villages was
still sufficiently well defined to be accurately determined." When
Lewis and Clark passed this prairie in 1804, the remains of the villages
were pointed out to them. The location was well known then, as the
villages had only been abandoned about thirty years previous. It is
interesting to reflect that this location was the site of a settlement, in
earlier days, of a tribe of Indians having much higher degrees of culture
and industry. (Fowke, Antiquities of Central and Southeastern Missouri.
Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 57.)

33

er fish, which we salted, camped and killed
2 Deer.

Saturday, the 3Oth fine weather, but very hard
water, swung 3 times at a point of a sandbar,
the little Boat brocke her Rudder Irons again,
repaired at Dinner, Killed 2 Deer I Bear I
Pelican, made not much Distance.

Sunday, the 3 ist fortune still ahead, strong Cur-
rents and head winds were our Daily Com-
panions, made no way. Killed 2 Deer and
I Beaver.

Monday the ist of June, hard wind a head with
fine weather met 4 Batteaux going to St.
Louis, a little above the Prairie du foe (feu) 17
had to stop and made another top mast of
Oack, the last one made of Hichberry was
crooked and good for nothing, Killed 3 Deer
I Bear.

Thuesday, the 2d, the wind and weather the
same as jesterday. Killed this Day 2 Deer
and I fox, camped at fire Prairie Creek. 18

Wednesday the 3d fine weather and head wind
and Curren* as usual at 10 A. M. arrived be-
low fort Osage, 19 saluted with 17 Guns which
was politely returned by the Commander

l7 Fire Prairie was so called from the circumstance of three or four
Indians having been burned to death from the sudden conflagration
of dry grass in the meadows at its source." (Long's Travels, London
cd., 1823.)

* 8 Fire Prairie Creek, in Sni-a-bar Township, Jackson County, Mis-
souri, rises and flows north and east into Lafayette County, and thence
into the Missouri.

l9 Fort Osage was frequently called Fort Clark and Fiery Prairie Fort.

34

Capt Climson, 20 on arrival were invited to
Capt Climson, who treated us very handsome-
ly, discharged our freight for this place and
arranged our Cargoes, had a present made of
Ice, which regaled us exceedingly.

Thursday the 4th started after breakfast, about
9 A. M. met several Perogues coming from
their Winter quarters, Mess fr Robideau 21 La
Jeuness 22 & others, Louis Bijou 23 embarked
with us, as also two hunters embarked at

It was situated on a bluff on the south side of the Missouri River, a
short distance from where the town of Sibley now stands in Jackson
County, Missouri. The site was chosen by Gen. Clark for a Govern-
ment trading factory and fort. It was christened with the customary
parade and salute on November 13, 1808. George C. Sibley was in
charge as Indian Agent and factor for many years, and after the aban-
donment of the fort the town which occupied the site was named for
him. In June, 1813, during the war with England, the fort was evac-
uated. Major Sibley and his men removed to Arrow Rock, where was
erected a fortified two-story block-house, 30 feet by 20 feet, armed
with a swivel and three blunderbusses, affording sufficient room for
goods, for trading, and for fighting. The garrison was restored at
Fort Osage in 1816, but was thereafter only intermittently maintained.
In 1822 it was practically abandoned, and after the treaty with the
Osages the United States Government was relieved of the necessity
of maintaining the post. Upon the erection of Fort Leavenworth in
1827 Fort Osage was permanently abandoned.

M For a sketch of Colonel Eli B. Clemson, see Appendix.

2i For a sketch of Francois Robidou, see Appendix.

^There were two men of this name active in the fur trade during
this period. One, Jacques Lajeunesse, a native of Riviere du Chambly,
Quebec, son of Ambrose and Marie (Goyet) Lajeunesse, who married
at St. Louis, October 7, 1799, Helene Vasseur, the daughter of Joseph
and Helene (Picard) Vasseur. Of this marriage eight children were
born: Marie, Margaret, Louis, Julie, Antoine, Elizabeth, Francois,
and Joseph. The other was Jean Baptiste Lajeunesse of St. Rose,
Quebec, son of Jean Baptiste and Reine Naulette. He married at St.
Louis, July 9, 1797, Elizabeth Malboeuf of Lac des Sables, daughter
of Francois and Josette, an Indian. This is probably the man we read
about in Lewis and Clark. Lajeunesse was a very common name in
St. Louis, and many of the men were conspicuous in the fur trade.

83 For a sketch of Louis Bissonet, dit Bijou, see Appendix.

[1812] 35

fort Osage Greenwood 24 & Laurison, 25 Immel
went back to the fort for his Dog and on his
Return informed of the party going to Santa
Fe 26 he met this Day at the fort, strong Cur-
rent, Made 9 Miles distance.

24 Caleb Greenwood was an American, born possibly as early as 1763.
He was in the employ of Gen. William Ashley from 1822-1825, an d
the American Fur Company in 1833. In this last-mentioned year he
sought engagement as interpreter and hunter for Rev. Moses Merrill,
missionary to the Otoes. He then told Rev. Mr. Merrill that he had
been in the Indian country for twenty-six years; that he had just left
the services of the American Fur Company and was at that time on
bad terms with its agents.

In 1844 he guided the Stevens party to California and later served
in Micheltorena's army against Alvarado and Castro. Edwin Bryant
met him in 1846 at the head of a party of hunters near San Francisco
Bay. Greenwood then claimed to be eighty-three years old and had
with him three sons, the youngest about ten or twelve years old. He
stated that he had been a mountain trapper between forty and fifty
years. He lived among the Crow Indians and married into that tribe.
He is described by Bryant as being about six feet tall, raw-boned,
and spare in flesh, but muscular, and, although of great age, having
the elasticity and erectness of youth. Greenwood had just come over
the mountains from the Sweetwater as pilot for emigrants and com-
plained of the bacon, bread, and milk which they had to eat as being
"mushy stuff," and not fit for a man of his age. He said he wanted
a small hunt to get some exercise and some good fresh meat, such as
grizzly bear, fat deer, and poultry, which he considered fit things for
a man to eat.

25 Daniel Larrison was with the Missouri Fur Company for several
years, and was with Lisa's party in the expedition to the Rocky Mount-
ains in 1809. He returned to St. Louis in September of the following
year. In October of 1813, following the return of the expedition re-
ferred to in this journal, he is to be found trading among the Osage
Indians. He was sent by them to the Kansas village when the Osages
learned that there was a white man (Ezekiel Williams) held prisoner
in that village, in order to rescue him. In 1814 Larrison joined Capt.
James Callaway's company of St. Charles County Rangers, and was
in the expeditionary forces under Maj. Zachary Taylor, operating that
year on the Upper Mississippi. Daniel Larrison probably lived in St.
Charles, Missouri, but nothing about his personal life has been found.
There was a John Larrison with Gen. Ashley's party in 1823, who was
wounded in July of that year, when this party was attacked by the
Arikaras.

28 The Santa Fe Party consisted of twelve men, under the leadership
of Robert McKnight, James Baird, and Samuel Chambers. They

36

friday the 5th wind and Current as usual, fine
weather made about 12 miles distance Killed
i Deer.

Saturday. 6th the same wind & Current, Killed
3 Bear 3 Deer i Turkey camped opposite
Cansas River 27 distance 15 Miles.

Sunday the 7th a fine morning, in the afternoon
cloudy and distant Thunder, Killed 2 Deer,
made 16 Miles distance, camped 4 Miles
above little Platte River. 28

Monday. 8th fine weather, at 8 A. M. a fair
Breeze sprung up. though feeble, we made
18 Miles distance, Killed 3 Deer 3 Bear,
caught^iy fish, camped 2 Miles below the old
Cansas 29 Village.

planned to trade with the Mexicans at Santa Fe, but on their arrival
in New Mexico were seized as spies and their goods confiscated. They
were sent to Chihuahua, where they were kept in prison for nine years.

^Present site of Kansas City, Missouri.

28 The Little Platte has its source in southern Iowa, and flows south to
the Missouri River in Platte County, Missouri. Its mouth is at Park-
ville. The position of the mouth of the river has changed much
since 1812.

^Kansas Indians. Major George C. Sibley visited the Kansas In-
dians in August, 1811, and gave a most interesting account of them,
as follows:

"The Konsee [as he spells it] town is seated immediately on the
north bank of the Kansas River about 100 miles by its course above
its junction with the Missouri, in a beautiful prairie of moderate extent,
which is nearly encircled by the river.

"The town contains 128 houses, or lodges, which are generally
about sixty feet long and twenty-five feet wide, constructed of stout
poles and saplings arranged in the form of an arbour, covered with
skins, barks, and mats. They are commodious and quite comfortable.
The place for fire is simply a hole in the earth under the ridge-pole
of the roof, and where an opening is left for the smoke to pass off. All
the larger lodges have two, sometimes three, fire-places, one for each
family dwelling in it.

'"The town is built without much regard to order, there are no

[1812] 37

Thuesday 9th headwind again, strong Current,
made only 9 Miles distance this Day, Killed
6 Deer.

Wednesday. loth, fine weather, and a small
Breeze in our favor, Killed nothing today,
distance made, 19 Miles.

Thursday the I ith, fine weather head wind but
still, all hunters out, passed the upper old
Cansas Village, Killed 7 Deer, distance 15
Miles.

friday the 12, fine weather, made good way cor-
dclling the wind all Day against us, distance

regular streets or avenues; the lodges are erected pretty compactly
in crooked rows, allowing barely enough space sufficient to admit a
man to pass between them.

"The Kansas River is about 300 feet wide at the town, and is, I
suppose, always navigable for large keel-boats as high as the village.
At this time the Kansas may number near about 250 fighting men,
with a full proportion of women ind children.

"They ?re governed by a chief and the influence of the oldest and
most distinguished warr ors. They are seldom at peace with any of
their neighbors, except the Osage, with whom there appears to be a
cordial and lasting tnendship.

"The Kansas are a stout, hnrdy, handsome race, mor<* active and
enterprising even than the Osage. They are noted for their bravery
and heroic daring. They maintain tiieir independence against the
Pawnees, Otoes, Mtssouris, and other tribes with whom they are
continually at war, entirely by their bravery. Previously to the ces-
sion of Louisiana, the Kansas committed frequent acts of violence
upon the French traders, robbing, beating, and otherwise cruelly treat-
ing them. One instance is related of their having actually burned
some alive."

These Indians had their villages for a time on the south bank of
the Missouri, and while there were quite numerous. They were sub-
sequently attacked by the Cheyennes, Sauks, and lowas and compelled
to return to their former settlements at the mouth of the Kansas.
Lewis and Clark found them in two villages on the Kansas River, one
about twenty and the other forty leagues from its mouth. In 1847
they moved to Council Grove, where they remained until 1873. At
this later date they went to Indian Territory. Efforts to civilize this
tribe of Indians met with little success for many years.

38 [1812]

21 Miles camped on a large Sandbar where
we found a quantity of turtle Eggs, this Day
lost one of our Swivels when swinging round
and run against the other Boat, Killed 3
Deer 2 Turkeys.

Saturday, the I3th fine weather and head wind,
this Day had bad luck, crossing for some of
our Hunters we came in hard water, and cor-
delling on a Prairie encountered many Rafts,
after having passed we dined 2 Miles above
the Prairie. 30 Mr. Manuel L. put our 2 Hogs,
in the River to wash but they swam off, we
were obliged to turn about and followed them
several Miles, after two Attempts we caught
them, turning a rocky point we had hard
work, the little Boat which was a head swung
round and went off like Lightning, the Cor-
dells broke, and we were obliged to put the
hands of both Boats to one to mount dis-
tance 12 Miles Killed 5 Deer i Racoon.

Sunday, the I4th fine weather, but head wind,
passed the Nadowa River 31 at noon, camped
8 Miles above made 16 Miles distance and
had this Day 4 Deer Killed gathered about
200 turtle Eggs.

30 Probably Reevey's Prairie as mentioned by Capt. Clark in his
journal, which place, he adds, was named for a man who was killed
there.

31 Nockway, as it is spelled by present geographers, having had many
variations in ics spelling, such as Nadawa, Nodawa, Naduet, and Nado-
way. Coues, in his History of Lewis and Clark Expedition, says that
the word "Nodaway" is Indian, and means some kind of snake; hence
the river has sometimes been called "Snake River." The river separ-
ates Holt County, Missouri, on the west from portions of Andrew and
Nodaway Counties. It was on the shore of this river that the winter
camp of the Astorians was located. There is a county, and also a
town, bearing the name of this river.

39

Monday. I5th about one oclock this Morning
it began to blow furiously, were obliged to
put out our fires, the wind blowing from all
quarters, a clear Sky, finished our cooking
in the morning, started at 6. in the Morn-
ing went j^-2 Miles but were, stopt by hard
head wind and Current crossed the River to
find some Hickory for making Axe handles
and Ramrods, but were disappointed, crossed
again and stopped till 5 P. M., started about
I Mile took the Cordell the Boat swung and
went down the River like the Wind in full
Speed, leaving all hands on shore, the few
which were on Board landed the Boat op-
posite to our last nights Lodging, our hands
came on board made a new start, but night
overtook us, got on a sand bar and were
very near lost running against a Sawjer 32 had
to cross again to the North Side, the other
Boat came to close swept by the Current we
unshipped our Rudder, run against a tree and
brocke her mast, this ended this doleful Day
camped at n. oclock at night distance i>?
Mile, left our hunters on the opposite side
Killed i Deer, wind N. W. fresh Gales.

Thuesday the 16, hard wind from N. W., went
about i Mile in the Morning when we had
to stop, all hands went out to gather wood
for axe helm, Ramrods and a new Mast, and
Game, the first was found but no meat, our
hunters on the opposite Side had also been

32 A '"'sawyer" is a snag or tree so fixed in the river that it oscillates
or bobs up and down by the force of the current, and forms a special
danger to navigators of the Missouri River.

40 [1812]

unsuccessful, and crossed the River on a Raft,
facing wind and Current about 6 Miles swim-
ming. Killed I Deer.

Wednesday ryth wind still a head, but abated,
made this Day 16 Miles, Killed 3 Deer, when
camped a fair breeze sprung up.

Thursday, the i8th at 3. oclock in the Morning
a heavy Thunder storm, at starting we had
a fair wind which however lasted not long,
had to try oars. Poles & cordells all Day,
passed Nimohar River 33 at n A. M. dined
at Wolf River, 34 and camped on a Sand Bar,
made 16 miles distance Killed 3 Deer.

friday, the I9th During Night blew very hard
until 6 in the morning, we stopped for some
time having head wind and strong Current,
the River high, made this Day about 15 Miles
distance by hard work. Killed nothing, ail-
though 7 hunters out of Boats.

Saturday, 2Oth, hard Gales all night, in the
Morning cloudy with some flaws of wind in
our favor, about 8 A. M. the wind increased,
and we sailed at Intervals very fast, untill 2
P. M. when a Thunder storm attended with
a hard rain arose, this Day. at 10. A. M.

33 The Big or Great Nemaha, variously written Nimemeha, Nimaka,
Nemahhaw, Nidonahaw, by early explorers and travellers. It rises in
Lancaster County, flows in a southeasterly direction diagonally through
Gage, Johnson, Pawnee, and Richardson Counties, Nebraska, and joins
the Missouri just above the Kansas-Nebraska line.

34 Wolf River (the early French maps give it as Riviere du Loup)
flows through Brown and Doniphan counties, Kansas, and into the
Missouri just below Iowa Point.

41

passed Ichinipokine River 35 at the North Side,
at 7. P. M. little Mahonir River 36 on the
South Side, made about 20 Miles distance,
Killed 2 Deer, Game scarce.

Sunday, the 2ist fine weather with head wind
and Currents, all hunters out, on the Island
Beaux Soleil. 37 Killed 2 Deer 3 Bear, I Tur-
key. I Rabbitt the hunters on the Prairies
killed nothing, distance about 15 miles,
camped I Mile above the Island.

Monday, the 22d, cloudy had now and then some
Sailing, the River still rising and strong Cur-
rents, at 4 P. M. a thunder storm arose which
raged furiously, the huricane swayed the trees
every where luckely we got under some Vil-
lars and lay safe, were obliged to Camp.,
distance 10 Miles, Killed i Deer, I Turkey.

Thuesday the 23d, started at Day light as us-

36 Ichmpokine River is now known as Nishnabotna, an Indian word
signifying "Good Canoe" or "Canoe Making River." This is another
name having numerous styles of spelling. It is a Missouri tributary of
considerable size, entering Atchison County, Missouri, on the north line,
and following the bluffs in a southeasterly direction. Its channels are
constantly changing. Some years ago the stream cut its channel into
the Missouri River at a point near the north line of the county and
emptied its waters into the Missouri some forty miles above its original
mouth. There is a village bearing this name close to the present
mouth of the Nishnabotna.

M Little Nemaha has its source in Cass County, runs through the
county in Nebraska which bears its name, and empties into the Mis-
souri between the towns of Aspinwall and Nemaha. It runs parallel
with and from ten to fifteen miles north of the Great Nemaha. There
are a town and a county in Nebraska, as well as a county in Kansas,
bearing the name of this river. The Little Nemaha is a smaller edi-
tion of the Big Nemaha and also has numerous tributaries.

37 Isle & Beau Soleil, or Fair Sun Island, now known as Sun Island,
located midway between Peru and Brownsville, Nebraska.

42

ual, passed le Cote grand Brule*, 38 opposite
the head of, we had to stop to make a new
top Mast for the other Boat, fine weather,
Current very hard, River still rising, distance
14 Miles, Killed 3 Deer.

Wednesday, the 24th, St. John, 39 started at 3
in the Morning with fair wind, but had not
come y^. Mile when the Wind changed ahead,
worked hard against the Current, very warm
and clear, made only 9 Miles in 14 hours dis-
tance, Killed i Deer 2 Turkey, 2 Racoons,
found plenty fresh tracks of Elk.

Thursday, the 25th This Morning a fine breeze
sprung up and we had sailing all Day, but
by the Mismanagement of the Patroon of the
little Boat were detaine4 several times we
camped before Sunset to lett the little Boat
come up with us, about dark we heard a Gun,
but she did not come to our Camp, the wind
blew fresh all night made about 15 Miles
distance.

Friday the 26th at 2. oclock 25 Minutes in the
Morning we turned about, to look for the
little Boat and found her safe I Mile below
our Camp, we set sail, and went pretty well
till Sunrise, when the Wind failed, very strong
Current, and hard work to gain way., at 7
A. M. Baptist Latoulipe 40 of St. Louis, fell

38 Cote Grand Brule must be "Bald-pated Prairie," so named by
Lewis and Clark "from a ridge of naked hills which bound it, run-
ning parallel with the river as far as we could see, from three to six
miles distance."

s9 The anniversary of the birth of St. John the Baptist.

^Jean Baptiste Latulippe. Tanguay gives more than half a dozen

[1812]

43

over Board and never seen again, the two
Boats being close together, he could not rise,
or was entangled by the Roots of a large
tree, which he was going to strike with his
Pole. made River Platte 41 at n. A. M, dined

variations or dit names of Latulippe. In the census of 1787 for the
District of Ste. Genevieve there is a Jose Latulippe listed as a stone-
mason, who worked on Fort Celeste at New Madrid.

Jean Baptiste on July 22, 1805, was engaged by Louis Aimable
Demarais to hunt beaver from September until the May following,
but no place of destination was given in the engagement. In August,
1806, he was in the service of Auguste Chouteau on the Osage River,
and was used as a messenger by Gen. Zebulon Pike on August 14,
1806. (Doc. No. 8 of Appendix to Part 2.) Coues, in his edition of
Expedition of Ztbulon M. Pike, expresses the opinion that this Latulippe
and the one mentioned by Fremont are the same. In this he is mis-
taken, as in the list of Fremont's engaz&s, in the introduction to his
report of 1845, the name is given as Frangois Latulippe. Gen. Fremont
tells of meeting, in 1843, an old friend, "a hardened^and hardly-served
veteran of the mountains, who flourished in the sobriquet of La Tulipe,
and his real name I never knew/'

Jean Baptiste Latulippe remained in the employ of Chouteau until
the organization of the St. Louis Missouri Fur Company, when he joined
its forces.

In Dr. John Farrar's account-book of 1813 is the following entry:
"Mrs. Elizabeth Laturlipe, To visits to children and servants and your
own child, May to August, 1813, A. P. Chouteau to pay." Letters of
administration on the estate of Latulippe were granted to A. P. Chou-
teau January 24, 1813, which was probably near the time when news
of his death first came to St. Louis. Unfortunately, the only paper in
the files of this estate in the St. Louis Probate Court is the bond of A. P.
Chouteau as administrator, being for the sum of #25.00. In the files
of the estate of Auguste Chouteau, deceased, are to be found two notes
signed with a mark by Latulippe in favor of the former, one dated
February 20, 1808, payable in skins, and the other dated August 12, 1810.

Latulippe probably came to Missouri from Vincennes, as there was
a Latulippe family there in 1773.

41 The Platte is the great western tributary of the Lower Missouri. It
is a broad, shallow stream with low banks, about 1,200 miles in length,
draining most of Nebraska and portions of Wyoming and Colorado^.
Its mouth is taken as the line between the Upper and Lower Missouri.
Platte is the French form of the name; the river has been called the
Nebraska and the Flatwater. "The Platte is regarded by the navi-
gators of the Missouri as a point of as much importance as the equi-
noctial line amongst mariners. All those who had not passed > it be-
fore were required to be shaved, unless they could compromise the

44 [1812]

and weather very hot, remained three hours.,
at^3 P. M. passed River Papillion 42 made 12
Miles distance, Killed i Deer.

Saturday, the 27th departed as usual and the
Water not so strong as below the River
Platte, this Morning passed Mosquito Riv-
er, 43 distance 20 Miles, Killed 4 Deer i Goose.

Sunday the 28th, made pretty good way in the
Morning but about 10 A. M. the 'Rudder
stay brocke of the little Boat we were obliged
to cross the River to find a place to unload
her, and make a steering Oar, which took up
all Day. distance 6 Miles, Killed i Deer.

Monday the 29th This Day had at Intervals
some sailing the River crooked as a zick zack,
passed River Boje' 44 at 9 A. M. point Jacques 45

matter by a treat. Much merriment was indulged on the occasion.'*
(Brackenridge.)

"Papillon Creek (from a French word meaning Butterfly) is in Sarpy
County, Nebraska. Lewis and Clark camped here for several days on
their upward journey to treat with the Indians. The town of Papillon
is the county seat of Sarpy County, situated on the south fork of the
Papillon. Ramsey Crooks and Robert McClellan had a trading-post,
in 1810, a little above the creek.

43 Mosquito Creek runs in a southwesterly course entirely across
Pottawattamie County, Iowa, touching the city limits of Council Bluffs,
and entering the Missouri Valley a short distance below the city.

44 Boyer Creek (or River, as it is now called) winds its way through
several counties of western Iowa, and joins the Missouri about ten miles
above Council Bluffs. It was sometimes called Roger Creek. It was
explored in 1820 by Thomas Say, of Major Long's expedition. Three
miles above its mouth, on the opposite bank of the Missouri, in what is
now Washington County, Nebraska, Major Long established himself
September 7, 1819, and named the place "Engineer Cantonment."
The site was half a mile above Fort Lisa.

4i "Coupe & Jacques, where the river has found a new bed and
abridged a circuit of several miles." (Coues ed. Lewis and Clark,
1:71.) There is a well-known point bearing this name farther up the

[1812] 45

at 2 P. M. and council Bluff 46 at 4 P. M.
distance 20 Miles, Killed i Deer.

Thuesday, the 3Oth fine weather and sailing
we pushed on very well, and would have
made considerable way if it had not been for
the other Boat, were obliged to stop to make
another steering Oar for her, during which
time our hunters killed 3 Deer, distance 27.
Miles.

Wednesday, the I of July, fine weather and fine
sailing at 3 P. M. passed Soldier River, 47
Missouri very crooked, no hunters out, dis-
tance 34 Miles, saw some Elk.

Thursday the 2d fine weather head wind but
good water made good way, cordelling all
Day, camped at the Mouth of little Sioux
River 48 distance 23 Miles, Killed 4 Deer I
Duck.

friday. the 3d of July, fine weather and light

river and it is shown on the Missouri River Commission map as being
opposite St. Helena, in Cedar County, Nebraska.

"Council Bluffs. This name was given to these bluffs by Lewis
and Clark, who held at this place, in 1804, an important council with
the chiefs of the neighboring tribes. The first United States military
post west of the Missouri River was built here by a detachment under
Col. Henry Atkinson, in 1819. The fort was christened Atkinson for
its founder, and was so known to the Government, but locally it seems
to have been called Fort Calhoun. There is a town near by now known
as Calhoun, in Washington County, Nebraska. Council Bluffs is the
name of a flourishing city in Pottawattamie County, Iowa.

* 7 Soldier River is marked Rivibre des Soldats on Perrin du Lac's map,
and Soldier's River on the Missouri River Commission maps. It flows
through Ida, Crawford, Monona, and Harrison counties, Iowa.

tt The Little Sioux rises near the source of the Des Moines, flows in
a southwesterly course and into the Missouri about midway between
Sioux City and Council Bluffs. It was called by the French Petite
Rivikre des Sioux.

46 [1812]

favorable Winds in the forenoon., at i P. M.
passed Coup Loysele, 49 distance 18 Miles.

Saturday the 4th of July., we had ourselves pre-
pared to salute the Day, which gave Birth
to the Independence of the United States, put
a Salute from Heaven prevented us, a thun-
der storm arose at 2 in the Morning and the
Bank of the River where we camped fell in
upon us momently. Mr Manuel Lisa was
nearly drowned in his Bed, and we had to
run off., rowing and poling all Day, about
Sunset a favorable wind sprung up and car-
ried us several Miles, were obliged to leave
a large Buck and an Elk which our Hunters
had killed behind, camped at Black Birds
Hill, 50 distance 15 Miles.

Sunday the 5th fine weather at 8 A. M. came
to a Channel 51 which we entered, in hopes

t9 La Coupe f h, Loiselle. Brackenridge says: "This name orig-
inated in the circumstance of a trader having made a narrow es-
cape, being in the river at the very moment that this cut-off was
forming." The trader here referred to was probably Regis Loisel, who
had a trading-post on Cedar Island.

6 Blackbird Hill was named for a celebrated chief of the Omahas, who
was buried on this hill. Brackenridge says that he was buried sitting
erect on his horse, and chose this spot as the place of his interment,
so as to enable him to see the traders as they ascended the river. This
chief, he says, was famous among all the nations in this part of the
world, and his grave at a late day was still held in superstitious awe.
His possession of some arsenic, received from a trader, was the secret
of his greatness. With this he made his prophecies of death against
those who opposed him come true with a seemingly magic precision.
Blackbird died about 1803. This bluff, with the mound surmounting
it, was at one time one of the curiosities of the Missouri and a prom-
inent landmark, but the mound has now almost disappeared.

"Tbs is an illustration of the shifting of the river bed. While
apparently the first channel attempted was an incipient cut-off, the
other was the remains of a portion of its bed which the river had
abandoned.

[1812] 47

to go through, to cut off 6 Leagues of the
River, but were disappointed, having ascended
within 150 yard toward the head of it, the
Water became so rapid as to endanger our
Boats to sink, we returned with Difficulty,
at a little Distance found another, which was
also tried, but to our Sorrow found not Wa-
ter enough at the head and returned took
the old Route, and were stopped at 5 P. M.
by a Thunderstorm, distance 15 Miles.

Monday, the 6th rained very hard last night,
cleared up and we made best of our way at.
4. oclock in the Morning had a few Squalls
and rain, at 8 A. M. a fair wind arose and
had fine sailing for several hours, the River
very crooked had to row at times, at 2.30
M. P. M. passed Mohaw River, 52 and oppo-
site the Village at 4. P. M. 2 Men went to
see if any Indians were there, they returned
not being able to gett to the Village on a /
of Swamp and Musquitos, camped on a Sand
bar, distance 30 Miles.

Thuesday, yth started at Day break, cloudy,
head wind and rain, in the afternoon passed
floyds. River, 53 Sun River 54 and at dark Big
Sioux River, 55 distance 18. Miles.

M Mohaw, Maha, or Omaha, as it is now called; a good mill stream
in Dakota County, Nebraska. The Omaha Indians lived on this stream.

"Floyd's River was named to commemorate the death of Sergeant
Charles Floyd, of the Lewis and Clark exploring party. Floyd died
near the mouth of this stream on August 20, 1804, and was buried on
the Bluffs, which also bear his name, just below the site of Sioux City.

M Now Perry Creek, named for Robert Perry, who settled on it in
1849. It is in Sioux City, Iowa.

"The Big Sioux heads near the source of the Red River of the North.

48 [1812]

Wednesday the 8., Head wind and Rain, hard
work all Day toward Evening had some sail-
ing, camped on a Sand bar, 56 Musquitos in
Clouds, distance 18 Miles, Killed i Deer.

Thursday the 9th departed early, took a Chan-
nel which we found shut up, and lost the
Morning, at Dinner several Hunters went out
to make fires to give Notice to the Indians
of our approach, passed a small River named
Iowa, 57 in the afternoon had fine sailing, dis-
tance 24 Miles, Killed i Deer.

friday the loth Head wind and strong Current
all Day. The River very high, left 5 Hunters
on shore, distance 10 Miles Killed I Deer.

Saturday the II, Rain & cloudy Morning, at
8 A. M. cleared up with a fair wind, took in
our hunters, set sail, at noon waited one Hour
for the little Boat passed Vermillion River 58
on the North side and at 5 P. M. the River

It meets at its mouth the States of South Dakota, Nebraska, and Iowa,
forming the boundary between Iowa and South Dakota. The river
is called on Nicollet's map Tchankasndata, which name is said to mean
that the river is continuously wooded. The upper part was also dis-
tinguished as the Watpa-ipak-shan, or crooked river, and by the French
as La Rivibre Croc he.

"Lewis and Clark camped on this sand-bar August 18, 1804, and
sent a detachment under Sergeant Ordway to the Omaha village with
an invitation to the Indians to join them in council and smoke the
pipe of peace.

67 Ayoway Creek on Nicollet's and Missouri River Commission maps,
but Iowa on present maps. It is in Dixon County, Nebraska, just
above the Sjoth mile point of the Missouri River.

58 Vermillion River, called by Lewis and Clark the Whitestone River.
Indian name was Wassisha, literally meaning "smoky earth." It runs
through Clay County, South Dakota, and the town of Vermillion is
at its mouth. Vermillion is on the north side of the Missouri River.

49

Arck 59 on the South side waited for the little
Boat and had to camp before Sunset to lett
her come up with us, lost some elegant sailing
on her account distance 33 Miles.

Sunday, the I2th. set sail early in the Morning
and by all appearances were to make a good
Days Journey, but the other Boat not keep-
ing up with us we were obliged to wait sev-
eral hours for her, and lost considerable in
making way, the wind changing at noon, at
8 A. M. passed River Jacques, 60 Missouri still
very high, distance 18 M.

Monday the I3th, head wind and hard Current,
rowed, poled and cordelled all Day, several
hunters went out they returned at 4 P. M.,
no game, but had seen many fresh track of
Elk, waited 2 hours for the other Boat at
5 P. M. made Island of Bonhomme 61 and

'The Arck is referred to in the Journals of Lewis and Clark as "a
small creek called Petit Arc, or Little Bow, and a short distance above
it an old village of the same name." Nothing remained of the village
then but a mound about four feet high. It was built by a Maha
(Omaha) chief named Little Bow, who, being displeased with Black-
bird, seceded with 200 followers and settled at this spot. The Indian
name of this creek is Hopa-wazhupi. It is the present Bow Creek in
Cedar County, Nebraska. Vermillion Post, also known as Dickson
Post, was established prior to 1835, opposite the mouth of Bow Creek
in Clay County, South Dakota.

*Jacques, or James River, as it is now called, rises in a prairie just
south of Devil's Lake in Wells and Foster counties, North Dakota,
and flows nearly due south into the Missouri. The town of Yankton,
South Dakota, is just above its mouth. The French called this river
Riviere a Jacques.

l Bonhomme is a large island between Bonhomme County, South
Dakota and Knox County, Nebraska. There is also a town bearing
this name in South Dakota. The journals of Lewis and Clark, as well
as Brackenridge, mention the ruins of an "ancient fortification" on
this island. They were really natural formations, being simply sand

So [1812]

Ponca Country 62 we had flattered ourselves
to meet some Indians or Buffaloe but were
disappointed, by this time we had passed the
Countries of the following Nations, Little and
Big Osage, 63 Mahas, 64 Soto, 65 Yenctons 66 &

ridges formed by the river the banks are low and subject to overflow.
(See "Lewis and Clark and the Antiquities of the Upper Missouri
River," by T. H. Lewis, in Amer. Antiq. and Orient. Jour., Sept., 1891,
p. 288.)

62 The Poncas of the Siouan family. In historic days they, together
with the Omahas, Kansas, and Osages, formed a single tribe, dwelling,
in the Ohio Valley near the Wabash River. After the migration west-
ward and the separation which followed, the Poncas located near the
mouth of the Niobrara. "In physical characteristics and in tribal cus-
toms the Poncas resembled their kindred, the Omahas. They had been
oppressed through many years by the Sioux, and reduced by the small-
pox, until when the traders came they numbered but little more than
200 souls. They were always on friendly terms with the whites, and
a regular trading-post was maintained in their territory." (Chitten-
den, History of the American Fur Trade of the Far West.) The exclus-
ive right to trade, for ten years, with the Poncas had been given by
the Spanish Government to Jean Baptiste Monier, of St. Louis, in
consideration of the fact that he had discovered and pacified that
tribe in 1789. The Poncas had a reservation in Indian Territory and
one in Nebraska. In 1906 their total population was about 833.
Their lands have been allotted to them in severalty.

"The Osage Indians were the most important of the southern
Siouan. They were also the first in the Missouri Valley to have a reg-
ular trade with the whites. On Father Marquette's map, 1673, this tribe
is located on the Osage River. About the beginning of the eighteenth
century a division was made in the tribe, the Great, or Big, Osages going
farther up the Osage River. This branch became known as Pe-he-si
that is to say, "campers on the mountains"; and the Little Osages as
U-tsth-ta, or "campers in the lowlands." Later there was another divis-
ion, known as the Arkansas Osages. This separation was due to Manuel
Lisa's obtaining from the Spanish Government, in 1796, a monopoly to
trade with Osage Indians. For twenty years previously this monopoly
was under the control of Pierre Chouteau, who had great influence with
the Osages. After Lisa secured this exclusive privilege, Chouteau in-
duced the best hunters of both the Big and Little Osage clans to go
with him to the Verdigris River in Arkansas, where he had the trade
privilege. When General Pike went up the Osage River in 1806, he
found the principal Osage villages near the junction of the Marmiton
and the Little Osage River. There was also a village on the Marais
des Cygnes, a few miles from the present town of Papinsville, Bates
County, Mo. In 1815 the Osages began moving westward from their

[1812]

51

Kanzas, this Morning Immel & Lorimier 67
went a head by Land, all hunters went on
the Island, but Killed but I Elk, two of them
camped on the N: Side and the Boats on the
South Side of the Island, distance 18 Miles.

villages in Bates and Vernon counties and located on the Neosho. In
January, 1823, there appeared in the Missouri Intelligencer the following:
"The Osages of the Great nation contemplate abandoning their village
on the Osage and intend removing next spring to the Arkansas in the
neighborhood of the Little Osages. In consequence of this the Harmony
Missionary Society, established on the Osage River not far from the
Missouri, are removing across to the Arkansas."

The Osages were a brave and warlike people, and usually at war
with the neighboring tribes. Although generally friendly toward the
whites, the Santa Fe traders found them undesirable to meet, as they
never hesitated to plunder and kill small trading parties.

M The Omaha Indians (usually called Mahas), one of the tribes of
the great Siouan family, formerly lived on the Mississippi River, and
constituted at one time one of the most powerful tribes of that stock.
They lived for a period in Iowa, ranging as far north as the pipestone
quarry, now the town of Pipestone, Minnesota. They were driven
back by the Dakotas, and after separating from the Poncas they set-
tled on Bow Creek, in Nebraska. Lewis and Clark found them on the
westerly side of the Missouri, a little south of Dakota City, Neb., and
they numbered then less than 600, having been decimated in 1802 by
an epidemic of smallpox. They were constantly at war with the Sioux.
The population of the tribe in 1906 was 1,228. This tribe is among
the most civilized of the Indians.

85 The Otoes belong to the Siouan tribe, and lived on the Missouri and
Platte rivers for many years. In 1880 they were given reservations
in Indian Territory. Tradition has it that in ancient times they lived
about the Great Lakes under the name of Hotonga, migrating to the
southwest, in pursuit of buffalo; later they divided into various tribes,
known as Winnebago, Iowa, Missouri, and Otoe.

The Yanktons lived in the southern portion of the Sioux territory
along the Missouri river in the valleys of the James, the Vermillion,
and the Big Sioux, and even as far east as the headwaters of the
Des Moines. They numbered about 1,000 people. They were the
least troublesome of all the Sioux tribes and gave the traders com-
paratively little annoyance. Posts were maintained at different
times for their convenience at the mouth of each of the tributaries
of the Missouri mentioned above. (Chittenden's History of the
American Fur Trade.)

The Yankton and Yanktonais tribes were no doubt originally one
group. (Hodge's Handbook of American Indians.)

67 Louis Lorimier, born in 1785 near Cape Girardeau, Missouri, was
the son and name-sake of the first settler and commandant of the

52

Thuesday. the I4th fine weather head wind and
hard water at 7 A. M. took in our hunters
they had killed i Elk I Deer, had to stop
again at 9 A. M. to arrange another Mast
for the other Boat and fix the old Rudder,
crossed the River where we found some fine
Cedar for the Purpose, stayed all day un-
loaded and loaded, put up the Mast and
Rudder, camped and made this Day 4 Miles
distance Killed i Deer.

Wednesday July 15, made an early start and
good way at 9 A. M. met the Company Boat
coming from the Rees 68 with Peltries, Papin 69
and 5 Men. Mr. Manuel Lisa thought proper

Post of Cape Girardeau under the Government of Spain, and Char-
lotte Pemanpieh Bougainville, a half-blood Shawnee. The Lorimiers,
the elder a native of Canada, were undoubtedly descendants of Gnil-
laume de Lorimier, a native of Paris who came to Canada in 1695.
Louis Lorimier, Jr., married, October 14, 1816, Margaret Penny, grand-
daughter of Anthony Bled?oe, and lived on a farm not far from Cape
Girardeau. He was appointed, by President Jefferson, to the United
States Military Academy, July 17, 1804, and was graduated November
14, 1806. On January 20, 1808, he was promoted to the rank of sec-
ond lieutenant, and served on the western frontier until December 31,
1809, when he resigned. In 1816 he was a trader among the Shawnees
and Delawares on the Castor River near Bloomfield, in what is now
Stoddard County, Missouri, succeeding his father in the trade with
the Indians. He died on his farm in 1832.

"Arikara, the accepted spelling, commonly called the Rees and
Rickarees. They belonged to the northern group of the Caddoan lin-
guistic family. "In 1770 French traders established relations with the
Ankara, below Cheyenne River on the Missouri. Lewis and Clark
found them living in three villages between the Grand and the Cannon
Ball rivers, and found them disposed to be friendly to the United
States." (Hodge's Handbook of American Indians.} About the be-
ginning of the nineteenth century they became the allies of the Mandan
and Hidatsa Indians, and in 1880 joined these tribes on their reservation
near Fort Berthold. Twenty years later they became citizens of the
United States. In early days they lived in earth lodges and cultivated
the soil. The remains of their fortified villages were found by early
travellers on the Missouri from the mouth of the Teton to the Mandans.
There is an interesting account of this tribe in the Journal of Jtan B.

[i8i2] 53

to take her back again having not sufficient
Loading to defray the expense, passed River
Luipere 70 and another small River, 71 in the
afternoon Squalls and Rain, camped 3 Miles
below Leauquicour River, 72 distance 16 Miles.

Thursday 16 July, rained all night, and cleared

Trudeau among the Arikara Indians in 1795 (Mo. Hist. Soc. Col. 4:9).

HYPOLITE LEBER
PAPIN, familiarly
known as Leber
Papin, was born in
St. Louis, Decem-
ber 24, 1787, being
the third son of
Joseph M. and
Marie Louise (Chouteau) Papin. On July 14, 1815, he married Joseph-
ine Loisel, daughter of Regis Loisel, fur trader and merchant, who
had a trading-house on an island in the Upper Missouri River, at a
place which became known as Fort aux Cedres. Loisel received from
the Spanish Government a grant of 150,000 arpents at that point.

Ten children were born to Leber Papin and his wife; namely: Hy-
polite; Joseph L.; Pierre M.; Theodore; Raymond; Eugene; Edmond;
Louise, who married Eugene Duprd; EmiUe, who married James C.
Waugh; Zoe, who married Edward N. Tracy; and Josephine, who
married Robert C. Grier.

Leber Papin, with his brother Sylvestre, was engaged in the manu-
facture of hardware and fire-arms for the Indian trade, in preparation
for which his father had sent him to Philadelphia to study the methods
of the factories from which the trading companies of St. Louis had
theretofore drawn their supplies. He furnished the American Fur Com-
pany and the Superintendent of Indian Affairs at St. Louis with tools
and equipment for many years. The factory was on Main and Pine
Streets, which was closed by Leber Papin, after the death of his brother
Sylvestre. Leber Papin then retired to his farm, where he died De-
cember 20, 1842, leaving a large fortune for that period. Many of
his living descendants are representative St. Louisans, as he was in
his day.

"White Lime Creek of Lewis and Clark's map, and Lost Creek of
the Missouri River Commission map.

Ti White Paint Creek of Lewis and Clark; L'Eau qui Monte of P.
du Lac; Wasiska of Nicollet. It is now known as Bazile Creek. It
flows into the Missouri in Knox County, Nebraska.

n UEau qui Court (i^uicourre "rapid water," "running water"), now
called the Niobrara, has its source in eastern Wyoming about twenty-

54

up at Sunrise at 8 A. M. passed Leauquicour
River very high and full. Mess Sanguinett 75
Bijou went out to make fires as we expected
the Indians soon to meet, camped opposite
an Island 74 not far from Ponca River, 75 dis-
tance 1 8 Miles Killed I Deer.

friday the 17, a fine Morning the Mackina Boat
took 5 hunters to the Island and we contin-
ued our Route passed Ponca River, cordelled
on the South Side along the Hills till Dinner,
the Boat came up and brought I Deer I
Beaver cordelled all Afternoon distance 17
Miles.

Saturday 18, cloudy about 8 A. M. a fine favor-
able wind took us and we had good sailing
untile 2 oclock P. M. when we discovered
3 Lodges of Sioux Indians 76 and found Immel

five miles north of Fort Laramie, and flows easterly across northern
Nebraska. The current, as its name implies, is very rapid.

7a For a sketch of Charles Sanguinet, fils, see Appendix.

74 Pawnee Island, in Knox County, Nebraska. The camp of this
day was probably near Chouteau Bluffs in Bonhomme County, South
Dakota.

76 Ponca Creek, a prairie stream rising in eastern Tripp County and
running north of and parallel with the Niobrara. It derives its name
from an Indian tribe which had a fortified village on this river for
some time. They subsequently resided with the Omahas.

76 T ie Sioux, or Dakotas, belong to the Siouan family, the most
populous linguistic family, excepting the Algonquian, north of Mexico.
The word Sioux is an abbreviation of Nadowessioux, a French corrup-
tion of Nadowe-is-izv, the appellation given them by the Chippewas.
It signifies "snake," "adder," suggesting "enemy." When the French
traders first met them, in the latter part of the eighteenth century,
their country embraced what is now the State of South Dakota,
with contiguous territory all around its borders. Their wanderings
extended far beyond their own lands. This tribe was among the
most warlike of the western tribes, and, although they at no one time
exceeded 15,000 souls in the Missouri Valley, they were everywhere

55

& Lorimier, the Chief of them LeNe?. 77 traded
with us 32 Beaver 3 Otter 2 Robes 13 Blad-
ders of tallow and upwards of 300 Ib. Dried
meat, camped I Mile above them, Killed I
Deer distance 24 Miles.

Sunday the I9th fine Morning about 7 A. M.
we took in 2 Sioux who had been hunting,
belonging to a band on white River, 78 gave
us a buffaloe tongue and stayed on Board
all Day, our hunters went in search of Buf-
faloe but found none, passed Little Cedar
Island, 79 distance 18 Miles.

Monday the 20, set 'sail at 4 in the Morning
with a fine wind the Indians left us, sailed
till 10 A. M. when the wind changed and
blew hard a head, at 4 P. M. met with a
Sioux Chief called the Sleeper 80 and 20 Soldier
had some talk and camped with them, distance
15 Miles.

held in terror by their enemies. They were men of great physical
powers, and great hunters.

The three important divisions of the Sioux tribes in the Missouri
Valley were: the Yanktons, the Yantonais, and the Tetons. When
Luttig mentions the Sioux Indians or chiefs, he doubtless refers to one
of these branches. During the War of 1812 some Sioux were on the
point of joining the British forces against the United States.

77 Le Nez was known by western Sioux as Pasu Ksapa, and was
prominent in the same way that "The Sleeper" was. (Dr. A. McG.
Beede, Missionary at Fort Yates, North Dakota.)

78 White River, or White Earth River, rises in the northwestern cor-
ner of Nebraska, south of the Black Snake Hills, enters South Dakota,
and, running easterly, empties into the Missouri in Lyman County.
The route of travel between Forts Pierre and Laramie was through the
valley of this river.

"Little Cedar Island in Gregory County, South Dakota. The Mis-
souri Fur Company had a trading-post here, which was destroyed by
fire in April, 1810.

""The Sleeper t "Istinhmunma (meaning "to possess the mystic gift")*

56

Thuesday the 21, departed at Sunrise as also the
Indians we stopped at a small River 81 where
4 Sioux Chiefs came to us, the Black Sky,
Black Buffaloe, 82 Big Horse 83 and Crooked
hand, 84 we had Council and they informed
Mr Manuel Lisa, that at present they had
nothing to trade, but would have plenty next
fall Immel went with them to their Village,
3 Chiefs and 2 young Men remained to fix
on a spot for a trading house they went with
us across the River to the North'Side I Mile
below where we had camped, laid out the
house for Mr. Bijou 85 who was to remain to
trade with the Yentonas, Tetons 86 and Shau-
nee, 87 Mr Manuel presented the Chief with 10
Carrots Tobacco and some Powder and Ball
they were seemingly well contented, Killed
I Buffaloe and the Indians brought also some
fresh Meat.

a Teton ^Sioux Indian. He was an Itancan, but to what extent he was
a "chief" is hard to say. This Indian was conspicuous among Western
Sioux, and has been frequently confused with the Minnesota "Sleepy
Eyes." The Sioux Indians frequently sent out emissaries to other nibes,
on various pretexts, but as spies really. Some went as beggars, pre-
tending that their people were starving and that they left in an effort
to keep alive; others claimed to have been unjustly ostracized. "The
Sleeper" seems to have been a master spy. (Dr. Becde.)

8l This small river is the Shannon Creek on Clark's and Maximilian's
maps. It was probably named for George Shannon. It is now called
Rosebud Creek, and is near Rosebud Landing, Gregory County, South
Dakota.

*Black Buffalo, a Teton Sioux, died in July, 1815, at Portage de*
Sioux, St. Charles County, Missouri, while attending the Peace Treaty
Council at that place. At the request of Gen. Clark he was interred
with military honors. The funeral oration delivered by the chief,
Big Elk, was a touching and eloquent one. Black' Buffalo was a man
of considerable influence. He was the principal chief with whom Lewis
and Clark counciled at the mouth of the Teton, September 25 to 28,
1804, leading, after some difficulty, to the establishment of friendly

[1812]

57

Wednesday the 22d rose early, all hands except
some lazy Rascals under pretence of being

relations. In 1807 he was in the Ankara village, and no doubt took
part in the attack on Lieut. Nathaniel Pryor's party, which was escort-
ing the Mandan chief Sheheke back to his village. Black Buffalo was
dangerously wounded in this skirmish. At the head of a party of
Dakotas he met the Astorians at Big Bend in 1811 and protested
against the carrying of arms to the Arikaras andMandans, with whom
his tribes were then at war. Manuel Lisa found him a powerful influ-
ence in the way of keeping the Dakotas friendly with the United States
during the War of 1812, and at the close of the war brought him down
to Portage des Sioux.

83 Big Horse was an Oglala chief of the same family as the two well-
known chieis called "American Horse," but whether he was the father
or uncle of the elder American Horse, or a remote kinsman, I am unable
to say. He was prominent among Indians during the times when the
road was being forced, with little progress, from the Platte River
northwest. (Dr. Beede.)

84 Crooked Hand. This man might have been Bras CassS or Broken
Arm, who was in council with Gen. Pike in 1805. His Indian name
was Wah-kan-tah-pay, and he was living in 1825 at his village near
Le Sueur in Minnesota.

Dr. Beede says he has often heard Crooked Hand mentioned as a
sort of mentor of Inkpe Luta, though he did not participate with him
in the Spirit Lake Massacre. Every ambitious youth had a sort of
mentor in some one particular man of his voluntary choice, who more
or less shaped his mind and career; and Crooked Hand was thus the
mentor of Inkpe Luta (a somewhat misrepresented and misunderstood
man), who was well known by many Western Sioux. He was an
Itancan, but it is difficult to say whether or not he was a "chief." He
was said to have been an expert bowman.

"Bijou's trading-house was doubtless in the vicinity of the present
Bijou Hills post-office, in Brule County, South Dakota.

"The Teton Sioux were a very important division of the Sioux, and
dwelt mostly west of the Missouri, covering the country as far west
as the Black Hills and the North Platte, wandering north and south
from the Pawnee country to the Mandans. These Indians were very
troublesome in the eaily days of the fur trade, and were known as the
pirates of the Missouri River. In later years they became friendly with
the whites and gave the traders very little trouble. There were sev-
eral bands of the Tetons, viz.: the Bois Brutes, who lived on both side*
of the Missouri near the mouths of the White and Teton rivers; the
Sans Arcs; the Blackfeet; the Minneconjous; the Two Kettles; the
Oglalas, who dwelt at the headwaters of the White and Niobrara rivers;
and the Hunkpapas.

"The Saone Indians were a division of the Teton Sioux, comprising
the Sans Arcs, Sihasapa, Ooheneonpa, and sometimes the Hunkpapa.

58

sick went to work. at 3 P. M. Immel re-
turned with 2 young Indians, the Chief Black
Sky had presented him a horse, he reported
the Chiefs and warriors would be with us to
morrow he found upwards of 400 Lodges
and plenty of Buffaloe in the Morning when
he started from there he saw several Buffaloe
enter in the Village, this Day raised part of
the house, Killed i Deer, caught several Cat-
fish and I Beaver.

Thursday the 23, early to work, but unfortunaly
the house fell down when nearly raised, and
had to go over the same work, catched 7 fine
fish in the forenoon which provided a fine
Dinner, at 5 P. M. a party of Indians came
opposite which we crossed and found them
to be all Boys about 30 in Number they cama
to give us a Dance, they were all neat and
handsome clothed, more so then I saw the
Sioux of the Mississippi, in the Evening they
danced and we gave them some Biscuit and
I Carrot Tobacco they brought plenty Meat
with them and gave plenty to the Boats.

friday the 24th finished the house, in the after-
noon sent Mr. Bijou, Equipment on shore,
the Indians went over the River, and Mr
Manuel Lisa gave the Chief black Buffaloe

They were first mentioned by Lewis and Clark, and, under the form
Souon-Teton in Clark's manuscripts, where they are called "the people
of the prairie." They made one of the twelve tribes of the Dakota,
while the Souon were another. The Saone, under the name Siount,
joined the Oglalas in the treaty with the United States at the mouth of
the Teton River, South Dakota, July 5, 1825. (Hodge, Handbook of
American Indians.)

[1812] 59

the present from Government as also for
crooked hand which Chief had promised to
come over but did not come, he left it with
Mr. Bijou to be given to him whenever he
would arrive there left 2 hunters and 3 En-
gagees with Bijou, discharged Bapt. Alar 88 a
good for nothing fellow.

Saturday the 25, set sail at 4 in the Morning
fair wind took 6 Indians with us which we
landed and stood under sail till n A. M.
when we took the Cordell for about i hour,
dined, and set sail again, passed white River
at 2 P. M. the [wind] slakening about 4 P. M.
we took to Cordell again, Mr. Manuels Negro
Boy Charlo went out the Boat to gett some
grass or grasshoppers for a Prairie Dog which
he had caught some days ago, he the Boy
went upon the Hills unperceived, they are
very high, he fell down a precipe into the
River, the Man who was steering the Mackina

M Baptiste Alar. This name is spelled in American State Papers
"Alary," "Alere," "Allard," and "Allare/' In the archives of St.
Louis City and County it has only two variations, "Alar" and "Allard."
Baptiste Alar came to St. Louis in 1795 and settled in Florissant, St.
Louis County. Prairie du Rocher was probably his former home, as
there was a Jean Baptiste Alard, senior and junior, in the census of
that village in 1787. In 1818 Alar was engaged by the American Fur
Company as a boatman to serve for three years at Prairie du Chien.
At the end of this period he returned to Florissant, bought some land,
upon which he erected a home. He was living there in 1825. He had
two children one named Julia, born December n, 1816, whose moth-
er was Julia Laviolette; and the other, John B. by Catherine Lavio-
lette. John B. Alar, Jr., married at Cahokia, April 28, 1818, Louise
Desmarets, the daughter of Joseph and Julia (Lepage) Desmarets. In
May, 1846, the public administrator of St. Louis took charge of the
property of Jean Baptiste Alar, deceased. As no heirs were found,
he property was paid into the State treasury in December, 1849.

6o [1812]

Boat saw it, and cried out to Mr Lewis 89 (who
was walking in the Rear of the Boats) to save
the Boy but Mr Lewis unfortunately did not
understand the men however saw something
struggling in the water, but thought the Boy
was a swimming, when the Men came towards
him, they went to find the Boy, alas he was
gone, he must have been stunned by the fall
or otherwise would have saved himself, the
River was not 4 feet deep, he drowned at
5 oclock P. M. we searched for him some
time but the Current had swept him off, cor-
delled a little way, crossed to an Island, set
out 3 hunters, at sunset the Wind fair, set
sail, took in our hunters, camped on a Sand
bar the wind blowing fresh all night distance
30 Miles.

Sunday the 26, set sail at 3 in the Morning, at
8 A. M. Immel & Queenville 90 went out to

"For a sketch of Reuben Lewis, see Appendix.

'"FRANCOIS QUENNEVILLE lived

t fljf i n St. Charles, Missouri. In

/ COMJt/M/Ht/St/M&S J une > I8l 4, he gave his note

' /y / ^1 to Mr. Francois Duquette,

V I to be paid upon his return

from a trapping voyage. The

next record I find of him is with the American Fur Company's Post in
southwestern Missouri. He seems to have spent the remainder of his
life in that section. He married Wihethtanga, an Osage woman, and
of this marriage there is record of the following children: Francois,
born about 1819; Pierre, born about 1822, baptized at Harmony Mis-
sion, August 21, 1827; Angelique, born October 10, 1826; Andrl, born
about November 5, 1829, and baptized nearMarais desCygnes, June 9,
1830; and Elizabeth, who married August 10, 1840, at the American
Fur Company's trading-post on the Osage River, Jean Baptiste St.
Michel. There was a trapper of this name with the Spanish Com-
pany in 1794. As he was referred to as "Sieur Quenville," by Jean
Baptiste Trudeau, there is no way of determining that he is the same
man of this expedition.

[1812] 6i

hunt and to visit his house were he lived last
Winter, 91 we came up with the house very
fast, stopped a few Minutes the wind fresh
in our favor, took in Immel, Queenviile had
run after some Buifaloe, we went pretty fast
and were obliged to stop for Queenviile, who
was far behind we gave him signal, and em-
barked him, he had killed i buifaloe but we
left the Meat, taking care of the wind at I
P. M. made Big Bend, 92 camped on the North
Side. Distance 36 Miles.

Monday the 2yth departed at 4 in the Morning
a fresh wind sprung up and carried us out of
the Bend, the wind slackening we had to
take to our oars, at 8 A. M. we set sail again
and sailed till II A. M., after Dinner Immel
Lorimier and Greenwood went out the Boat
to go by Land to the Rees. cordelled all af-
ternoon, and camped at the point of Cedar
Island, 93 distance 21 Miles. Killed i Deer.

Thuesday the 28rh, set sail with a favorable wind
at 3:30 minutes in the Morning, but the wind
failing had to take to cordelling, last night

91 Lisa called Immel-'s wintering place Fort St. Michel chez des Sioux.
It is doubtful on which side of the river this trading-house was lo-
cated, and therefore it may have been either in Lyman or Buffalo
County, South Dakota. Lisa probably named it in honor of the patron
saint of his efficient lieutenant, Michael (Michel) Immell.

M Big Bend was also known as the Grand Detour and the Great
Bend. The camp of this night was in what is now Hyde County, South
Dakota.

"Cedar Island is a name that was applied to various islands,
miles apart, in this portion of the river. This particular one, near
Cedar Creek, is indicated as "Cedar or Dorien Island No. i" on the
Missouri River map of 1895. It was on this island that Regis Loisel
built a four-bastion fort of red cedar in 1800.

62

caught 3 Beavers, Killed i Cabri 94 2 Elks,
distance 18 Miles.

Wednesday the 2Qth head wind and clear, cor-
deliing all day at 4 P.M. passed little Missouri
River, 95 killed i Buffaloe, 2 Deer, i Badger,
distance 21 Miles.

Thursday the 3Oth fine weather but head wind,
had to cordell all Day saw a band of about 50
a 60 Elk, 3 of them close to us in the River,
but had no luck to Kill the Mackina Boat
was gone a head with the hunters and did
not come to our Camp that night, distance
1 8 Miles.

Friday the3ist departed early cloudy and head
wind cordelled all Morning at 7 A. M. met
the Mackina Boat they had Killed 2 Deer
and i fawn, crossed the River after break-
fast the wind becoming very hard made very
little way. Killed i Buffaloe 4 Deer, dis-
tance 12 Miles. This Morning we left our
old she Cat at Camp, at breakfast I missed
her, and Mr. Manuel sent a Men for the Cat,
he returned in the Evening with the Cat to

M Cabre: goat or antelope, which the French call cabre. The ante-
lope was unknown to science until Lewis and Clark discovered it, but
it was not scientifically named until 1815. (Wheeler's Trail of Lewis
and Clark.)

86 The Little Missouri was later called the Teton, and now Bad River.
The Sioux Indians called it Wakpa Chicha, meaning "Bad River." It
rises just east of the Bad Lands, and flows through a section abounding
in salt springs. For many years there was a trading-post at the mouth
of this river, and it was one of the most important locations in the
Sioux country. Fort Laframboise was built there in 1817, and in 1822
the Columbia Fur Company had its principal fort, called Tecumseh,
on the west bank of the Missouri about two miles above the mouth
of the Teton, or Bad River.

[1812] 63

our great satisfaction this Remark may seem
ridiculous, but an Animal of this kind, is more
valuable in this Country than a fine Horse.
Mice are in great Abundance and the Com-
pany have lost for want of Cats, several Thou-
sand Dollars in Merchandize, which were de-
stroyed at the Bigbellies station, there has
not a night passed since our departure from
Bellefontaine where I got that Cat, that she
has not caught from 4 to 10 Mice and brought
them to her Kittens.

Saturday the ist of August last night caught
2 young Beaver, cordelled all Morning, still
and very little Current at 10.15 mm - passed
Chajenne River 96 very low at this time saw
several Buffaloe, chased, but without Success,
crossed the River, and cordelled along the
Bluffs, at Dinner we stopt at some Bluffs
above Chajenne River about 4 Miles, where
I found plenty Iron Ore, and somewhat high-
er up signs of Salpeter. Distance 18 Miles
Killed 2 Deer.

Sunday the 2d some Rain fell last night, cloudy
in the Morning, 6 A. M. cordelling the little
Boat joined us, they had meat of 3 Buffaloe,
one Cow they found wounded with an Ar-
row, she came into their Camp. Distance 18
Miles Killed i Deer.

"Cheyenne River, Washie Wahpa Dakota words, meaning "Good
River," the antithesis of the river south of it. The main forks of the
north and south branches of this river embrace the Black Hills proper.
It flows eastward toward the Missouri, draining western South Dakota,
and joins the Missouri in Stanley County, South Dakota. It takes it
name from the Indians who lived upon its upper waters.

64

Monday the 3 at 6 A. M. a Canoe with Gar-
row, 97 the Interpreter, 2 Engagees and Gosh6 98
a Ree Chief came to us, they brought some
Corn and a Letter from Immel at noon pass-
ing along a Bottom, we found a Mocassin
tied to a tree in which we also found a Letter
of Immel informing us they were well and
would be at the Rees from thence in One
Day. Distance 21 Miles, Killed 5 Deer.

Thuesday the 4th headwind as usual, cordelling
our Hunters went out this Morning and at
cinner brought 3 Deer i Buffaloe 4 Ducks,
passed Mauro River, 99 in the afternoon Killed
I very large Buck, at 5 P. M. a heavy storm

"Joseph Garreau, probably a son of Pierre Garreau of St. Charles
County, Missouri. In 1787, when twenty-three years of age, Joseph was
engaged by Don Andres Fagot la Garciniere of St. Louis to hunt and
trap on the Upper Missouri River. In January, 1795, he was at Red
River with the North West Company. He seems to have remained in
that country for the remainder of his life, for every traveler who has
recorded his observations of that region has made mention of him.
Lewis and Clark refer to him as "Mr. Garrow" and "Interpreter Gar-
row." Wilson P. Hunt saw him in 181 1 and says that Garrow told him
he had been with the Arikaras twenty years. Irving described him
as a "French Creole, one of those haphazard wights of Gallic origin
who abound the frontiers, living among the Indians like one of their
own race." Beckwourth tells us of Pierre and his brother Antoine, and
of their father, "who was a great man among the Indians." Major
Kearny, in 1825. speaks of him as an "old Frenchman who has been
with the Arikaras for thirty-seven years." Maximilian and Larpenteur
both mention him. Garreau married an Ankara Indian and his sons
were for many years interpreters at Fort Berthold. South Dakota
claims Joseph Garreau as the first permanent white settler in that
State. The Missouri Fur Company's books show that he was en-
gaged by it from August 4, 1812, to May 11, 1813.

98 Le Gauche, "The Left-handed," was the hereditary chief of the
Arikaras. He was a fine-looking man, much above the average size.

"Mauro, Moreau River; named for a Canadian trader. Clark
called it Sur-zua-carna, or "Park River," an Ankara name. On
most maps it is given as Owl River. It runs parallel with the Grand
River above and the Cheyenne below.

[1812] 65

arose and we had to lay by. at 6 P. M. 2
Skin Canoes met us, with Lorimier, Green-
wood, Dougherty 100 and Weir, 101 it contin-
ued raining and we were obliged to Camp.
Distance 15 Miles.

Wednesday the 5th cleared up in the Morning
and we went on Cordelling, but had the good
Luck to get fast 3 times, at Dinner our
hunters brought I large Cabri and 2 Deer
very fat, I Goose, pursued our Vojage and
at 5 P. M. .met 3 more hunters of the Com-
pany from the Rees, camped 3 Miles below
Grand River.

Thursday 6th at 6 A. M. passed Grand River, 102

lfl For a sketch of Major John Dougherty, see Appendix.

l01 William Weir, probably a son of William Weir, a Revolutionary
soldier of Scotch-Irish descent, and a brother of James Weir, one of
the early settlers of Muhlenburg County, Kentucky. He was born
at Fishing Creek, South Carolina, in 1787, was of an adventurous spirit
and left home at an early age to seek his fortune. He came to Mis-
souri and enlisted with the Fur Company. He was one of the party
who went with Henry across the mountains in the fall of 1810, and
upon their return to the Missouri he remained at one of the forts and
continued in the service for a number of years. He was an active,
efficient man, brave and skillful, and took rank with Dougherty and
Colter. In 1818 he was appointed by the Territorial Legislature one
of the commissioners to establish the county seat of Cooper County,
and in 1820 he was charged with a similar duty for Cole County. In
1819 and 1820, and perhaps for a longer time, he was justice of the
peace in Moreau Township, Cooper County. In 1816 he married,
and afterwards went to Crawford County, where he cleared a farm
and made a home for himself and family. The spirit of adventure was
too strong in him to allow him to abide contentedly at home, and he
joined a trading party on a trip through Texas to Mexico. He died
at his home in Missouri in 1845, leaving ten children. One of them,
John Weir, went to Texas in the '303, and there did good service in
helping to achieve the independence of the country. In 1853 he crossed
the plains to California, and in 1858 he went to the Puget Sound coun-
try, where he spent the remaining years of his life, and where his
descendants still remain. (Douglas ed. Three Years Among the Indians
and Mexicans, St. Louis, 1916.)

lOJ Grand River was also known by its Arikara name, Welerhoo,

66

Mr. M. Lisa had intended to build a fort
here, but finding the Situation not eligible for
a Fort, moved on and camped about 12 Miles
below the Rees. Distance 15 Miles.

Friday the yth had a little Wind in favor set sail
and at 12 oclock M. arrived at fort, 103 all
Indians in Motion to a Number of abt 1200
souls, Mr. Manuel L could not immediately
go on shore, as he had his Leg strained this
Morning when Jumping out of the Boat, and
got very lame, a horse was procured and he
went to the Village and held Council with
the Principal Chief, the 2 other Chiefs did
not come to Council and Jealousy reigned
among them, about 2 P. M. the Women and
Children who were about our Boats were
called away to the Village, and in a few
Minutes the Coast was clear, this was not
a friendly Signal, and we prepared for the
worst, after Dinner Mr. M. L resolved to
go to the Fort, he went with 10 armed Men
and sent for the Chiefs to explain their Con-
duct, when it appeared that Goshe* had re-
ceived his presents and they not, and further
complained on Account of the Merchandize
to be taken away from them to trade Mr.
M. L., came to an absolute Resolution and
they gave up, they were satisfied to have a
Fort built at the third point above their Vil-

or Wetarhoo. It flows through Harding, Perkins, and Corson counties,
South Dakota; at its mouth is the Standing Rock Indian Reservation.

i0a This reference is doubtless to an Indian fort, as there is no record
of a trading-post at this place.

[1812] 67

lage about 12 Miles distance. 104 La Plume 105
the Chief of the 2d Village received his Pres-
ent and harmonie was restored, they traded
some in the afternoon loaded the Peltries & a .
and prepared for Morning, set a Volunteer
Guard, though guarded, the Indians would pil-
fer every thing they could lay their hands on.

Saturday the 8th started early without trouble,
several went by Land as also some Indians^
Gosh6 and La Plume overtook us at noon,
in order to stop us and not go too high from
their Village, 106 but the Place where we were
did not answer for our purpose pursued our
Route, the Chiefs went back seemingly dis-
pleased, camped 12 Miles above the Village,
last night had our 2 Cats stolen.

Sunday the 9th of August started early and at
7 A. M. arrived at a beautifull Prairie Bluff
with several Bottoms of fine timber around,

>04 Arikara villages. Luttig clearly indicates that the Rees' village
was twenty-four miles above the Grand River. Dr. Doane Robinson
says, however: "These villages were situated on the west bank of the
Missouri about eight miles above the mouth of the Grand, in what is
now Corson County, South Dakota. The river at this point runs from
east to west, so that the villages were on the north shore." Trudeau,
in 1795, was at the Arikara village near the Grand River. Lewis and
Clark found this tribe occupying three village sites, which were within
about four miles of each other along the river, between the Grand and
the Cannonball rivers. They were then located higher up the river
than formerly. Brackenridge visited them in 1811, when they were
eight miles above the Grand River, with a small creek separating two
of the villages. In view of the shifting of their villages, it is rather
difficult to precisely locate them at any one period.

*&La Plume, Plume d'Aigle, probably the "Eagle's Feather" (Pia-
heto), who was the third chief of the Arikaras when Lewis and Clark
passed the village in 1804. The explorers named a creek in Corson
County, South Dakota, for this chief.

106 It was not unusual for the Indians to arbitrarily designate the
spots where the trading-posts should be built.

68

made Arrangement for our Camp and in the
afternoon discharged the Boats, every Men
happy to have come thus far of our Vojage. 107

Monday the loth sent one Boat across the River
with hands to cut timber for a Blacksmith
Shop and Provision house all hands employed
to fix a temporary Camp.

Thuesday the nth, no news from the Village
until noon when our Interpreter Garrow and
a Soldier arrived, every thing quiet, they re-
ported that a Skulking Big belly entered the
Village at dark yesterday and Killed I Ree.

Wednesday the 12, were informed a war Party
had gone on, to fight the Bigbellies. 108

l07 Fort Manuel was situated close to the present line separating
North and South Dakota. Gen. Chittenden says it was north of 46
parallel, but he is mistaken in this. Dr. Doane Robinson, of the South
Dakota Historical Society, locates it on the cape just east of Kenel
post-office in Corson County, South Dakota, and says that he has
been told of the remains of a post at that point. Dr. A. McG. Beede,
missionary at Fort Yates, North Dakota, says the fort was near the
mouth of a creek, about one-half of a mile down the river from Kenel.
Maximilian mentions Lisa's trading-house among the Arikaras, "of
which nothing now remains; though the place is still called Manoel
Lisa's Fort." It seems to me that Doctors Robinson and Beede fairly
agree with Luttig on this point, after summing up the distances of
travel noted by him.

i s Grosventres of the Missouri, as they were called by the French,
and Minnetarees by the Mandans. The tribal name, however, was
Hidatsa- For many years they were a migratory people, but finally
settled in permanent villages like the Mandans. Close association with
the Mandans caused them to adopt many of their customs. Their
home was on the right bank of the Missouri, near the mouth of the
Knife River. James, in his Three Years Among the Indians and Mex-
icans, says of them: "We found a manly, warlike, and independent
tribe, who might well be called for their daring and enterprising qual-
ities Gros Cfurs, or "Big Hearts,". instead of "Big Bellies." Alexander
Henry describes them as being "a fierce and savage set of scoundrels,
less sociable and affable than their neighbors, the Mandans." Under
the name Hidatra, the Minnetarees and the Crows were once united
in a single sub-stock of the great Siouan family.

[1812] 69

Thursday the I3th Mr. M. Lisa had resolved
to go up with a party to the Bigbellies to
arrange Matters with them and bring down
the Peltries, the Bigbellies having Killed 2
hunters and stole 26 Company horses, as also
detained the Trader they had with them, he
accordingly went this Morning at 8 oclock
and 26 Men with him. At 10 P. M. 60 Rees
composing a War party arrived they requested
something to eat, our hunters had just come
in with 3 Buffaloe and I Deer, we gave them
some Meat, and ferried them across the Riv-
er, this Day cut timber for different Build-
ings, at the same time the Rees were cross-
ing the River 8 Canoes hove in sight coming
down with Meat, the men in the Canoes saw
so many Indins crossing, took the terrors
put their Canoes on shore and run off, both
parties thinking they were Ennemies,as soon as
the war party arrived on the other side they
gave the Halloo and run in full Speed to the
Canoes, finding nobody and seeing the Canoes
belonging to their own Nation, they took
some Meat and without searching for their
friends went off, 2 hours afterwards 2 Indians
appeared and ventured to come over to our
side, on arrival we found them to be 2 Squaws
the Men consisting of 2 Rees, 2 Panis, 109 2

I09 Pawnee Indians belong to the Caddoan family and called them"
selves Chahik-si-chakiko, "men of men." Hodge says that the name
is probably derived from pariki, a horn, a term used to designate the
peculiar manner of dressing the scalp-lock. In historic times the Pawnee
tribes established themselves in the valley of the Platte. They had
four distinct villages, the Grand Pawnee, the Republican Pawnee, the
Tapagf, or Noisy Pawnee, and the Skidi, or Pawnee Loup. In the
latter years of the eighteenth century the Republican Pawnees moved

7 [1812]

Chayenne, 110 had run off, and left every thing
behind them.

Friday the I4th This Morning at one oclock
were alarmed by the firing of a Gun, and
heard the Dashing of Oars when to our Sur-
prize we saw Mr. Manuel & party returning,
he having been informed by one of those Cow-
ards who had run off from the Canoes, that
all the white Men were Killed and that the
Indians had crossed the River in our Boat

south to the north branch of the Kansas. These tribes were agricult-
urists, as well as hunters, having permanent villages. They were of
splendid physique and great horsemen. The Pawnees were constantly
at war with the neighboring tribes, never remaining faithful to any
allies for any length of time. These Indians were greatly feared by
the Southwest traders, as were the Blackfeet by the traders of the
Northwest. Ic was this tribe that attacked the Chouteau-De Mun
party as they were descending the Arkansas River in 1816. The
party was forced to take shelter on an island just west of Hartland,
in Kearny County, Kansas.

* 10 The Cheyennes are of Algonquian stock, and were called by the
Sioux Shahiyena, or Shai-ene, meaning "to speak a strange language."
This tribe never called themselves Cheyennes, but Tsis-tsis. They
lived before 1700 on the Mississippi, in what is now Minnesota. The
first mention of this tribe in history is in 1680, under the name of Chaa,
when a party of that tribe visited La Salle's Fort on the Illinois River.
Later they moved to the banks of a branch of the Red River, in North
Dakota, which thereafter became known as the Cheyenne River. Here
they cultivated the land and built earth lodges. After some difficulties
with the Sioux Indians, they were driven toward the Missouri, where
they tarried for a short while. Some time afterwards they crossed the
Missouri and took refuge in the Black Hills about the head of the
Cheyenne River of South Dakota, where Lewis and Clark found them
in 1804. In their journals they state that the Cheyennes were at
peace with all except the Sioux, but that they frequently went on
plundering excursions, stealing horses from the Spanish settlements.
They were a fighting people, and, it seems, were almost constantly
at war with the neighboring tribes. Until 1856 they were friendly
to the whites, but from that time they were a terror to the border
settlements, and gave the United States considerable trouble. Since
about 1880 the tribe has been confined on two separate reservations:
the Southern Cheyennes in Oklahoma, and the Northern Cheyennes
in Montana. In 1901 the lands of the Southern branch were allotted
in severalty and these Indians are now American citizens.

[1812] 71

to Kill them also, supposed by the Sioux,
Mr. M. L. alarmed on this Account returned
immediately to Camp, finding however to his
great Satisfaction the History of the Indian
false, he remained till breakfast and pursued
his first Intentions, last night about 40 In-
dians camped with us they were gathering
Cherries and other fruits about the Country
finished the Blacksmith shop and Provision
house, caught 8 fine Cat fish.

Saturday the I5th This Morning cloudy, some
hunters went out, no Meat at home, caught
8 Cat fish, Rain at intervals.

Sunday the i6th hard Rain last night, cleared
up in the Morning and all hands went for
timber, at 5 P. M. our hunters returned with
Meat they had Killed 1 1 Buifaloe, caught 1 1
Cat fish, and Killed n Ducks.

Monday the lyth, clear, all hands cutting tim-
ber and making Hay, caught 15 fish, and
Killed 15 Ducks.

Thuesday the i8th all hands employed as yes-
terday. 2 Hunters went out for Buifaloe,
caught 4 fish.

Wednesday the 19. the hands employed in Work
as yesterday at noon our hunters came in
with Meat of 2 Cows. Killed 10 Ducks.

Thursday the 20, North wind & cold, cloudy in
the forenoon hands at work as yesterday, fine
afternoon Mr. Lewis caught a Prairie Dog,
caught 4 fish, Killed i Pheasant.

72

Friday the 2ist, clear and hard wind, still at
work cutting timber and making hay. Killed
6 Ducks. Mr Lewis's Prairie Dog was nearly
Killed by one of our Dog who brocke the
Chain and run off with him.

Saturday the 22d, clear and windy, the same
Work going on. at noon Goshe and Nez Cor-
bain 111 a Yentonas Chief arrived with four
Sioux, at 6 P. M. our hunters came in with
Meat of 5 Cows, this Day blew a very hard
Gale from the South west. Killed 28 plover
and 4 Ducks.

Sunday the 23d, clear, wind west N. west, the
same work, at noon La Plume paid us a
Visit, dried some Meat very warm.

Monday the 24th clear, wind west, 3 hunters
went out being informed the Buffaloe was
near by a party of Indians which had been
hunting at 10 A. M. 12 Canoes arrived with
meat they made a present of 18 Tongues and
went off at noon caught 10 fish.

Thuesday the 25th cloudy and disagreeable,
hands at work as usual.

m AVr, de Corbeau, literally "Raven's Nose"; called by the French
"Roman Nose," and by the Indians "Wind That Walks." He was
for a time second chief of the Sioux, but, being the cause of the death
of a trader in 1799, ne voluntarily relinquished that dignity. When
Gen. Pike met him in 1806, he requested to be given up to the whites.
He then determined to go to St. Louis and deliver himself up, where
he said they might put him to death. As the crime was committed
long before the United States assumed its authority, and as no law
of theirs could affect it, Gen. Pike conceived "it would certainly be
dispunishable now." Nez de Corbeau was considered one of the most
intelligent of his nation, and was soon reinstated in his rank. Pike
commissioned him First Chief of the nation.

73

Wednesday the 26, cloudy and cold, at 7 A. M.
Mr. Manuel Lisa returned with part of the
Men from his expedition, the Rest of the
Men were coming by Land with the horses
which he traded and given up by the Big-
bellies, the head Chief Borne 112 refused to give
up the stolen horses, Mr Manuel cleared the
trading of Peltrie and Goods and took off
the whites, at i P. M. Grey Eye 113 (Ree Chief)
arrived with 100 Men from a war tour, they
had not Killed nor even seen an Ennemy,
in the Evening a larger Party passed by with
two Scalps which they carried before them
in triumph at dark some more arrived and
camped with us.

Thursday 27, clear and fresh, the Big white, 114
Mandan Chief arrived, with several of his

il2 L? Borgne, or "The One-eyed," a chief. This Indian is described
by Bracken ridge and Alexander Henry, from whom we learn that he
was a giant in stature, having huge limbs, gigantic frame, bushy hair,
and only one eye, from which there flashed fire and penetration, all of
which gave him the aspect of a savage brute. His aquiline nose was
of great size and his mouth wide. His countenance denoted a brave
and enterprising warrior. He was the great chief of the Minnearees
and swayed with unlimited control all the villages. Lewis and Clark
presented him with their swivel gun, on their return from the Pacific.
At the time Luttig saw him he was about 51 years of age. Le Borgne
is supposed to have been killed by a rival chief, Red Shield.

113 Grey Eyes, an Arikara warrior, was a cunning and unscrupulous
Indian. He was not the hereditary chief -of this tribe, but owed the
position of chieftain to his ability, courage, and arrogance. He kept
his people in terror of him. When Hunt's party stopped at the Arikara
village and asked Left-handed, who was the hereditary chief, whether
he could supply the party with horses, Grey Eyes answered the ques-
tion by saying that they could easily steal more, if there was not enough.
Grey Eyes seems to have been the principal agitator in the fight against
Gen. Ashley's party, and was killed, in leading the attack on August
10, 1823, by the first shot from the artillery under Lieut. Morris of
Col. Leavenworth's command.

- 14 Big White (Sheheke, or Shekaka). In recognition of his rank as
Chief of the Mandans, he was given a medal by Lewis and Clark in

74

Bravos and family, to pay a visit, he had a
few Robes which he traded, and took some
articles on Credit, at noon Nez Corbain came
again to receive a Present from Mr Manuel
Lisa and as soon as received, departed for
the Village.

friday the 28, clear and the house fur trade was
commenced made 36 Packs 115 of different Pel-
tries and prepared the Boat which had to
go to St Louis.

Saturday the 29th, clear, this Morning the Men
which came by Land from the Bigbellies ar-
rived with the horses, they had met with no
Accident, they informed that the Mandans 1 "
had made a Hunt and Killed on One Day

October, 1804. On the return of Lewis and Clark from the Pacific
Big White accepted their invitation to visit their "Great Father" at
Washington. He was accompanied by his wife and son, and his inter-
preter, Rene Jusseaume. In 1807 Gov. Lewis sent him homeward
under a convoy commanded by Lieut. Pryor. Upon reaching the
Ankara village they were fired upon, and after several casualties Lieut.
Pryor concluded to return to St. Louis. Sheheke remained in St. Louis
until June, 1809, when he started on a successful journey back to his
people. He was about 46 years old at the time of his death.

116 A pack of furs contained ten buffalo robes, fourteen bear, sixty
otter, eighty beaver, eighty raccoon, one hundred and twenty foxes,
or six hundred muskrat skins.

u6 The Mandans called themselves the "People of the Pheasants"
or "People of the East." The early French traders referred to them
as the "Bearded Whites." In many respects the Mandans greatly
excelled other Indians of North America. They have been called Welsh
Indians because of the fairness of the skin and hair of many of the
tribe. Catlin says of them: "They are distinct from all other red
folks I have seen, differing in many respects both in looks and customs
from all other tribes which I have seen." This tribe of Indians were
first seen by white men (whose visits have been recorded) in the vicin-
ity of Mandan and Bismarck in what is now North Dakota. This
was in 1738. The Mandans were almost wiped out by the small-pox
epidemic of 1837, being reduced from 1,600 souls to about 150. In
1845 they moved near Fort Berthold, North Dakota, and joined the

[1812] . 75

450 Buff aloe, employed in settling Ac-
counts and writing, at 5 P. M. our hunters
brought in the Meat of 5 Cows.

Sunday the 3Oth clear, at 10 A. M. the Boat
started for St Louis 117 with 13 Men, several
others went to the Ree Village to purchase
Corn and Skins for covering of the Boat, in
the evening they returned and had only suc-
ceeded to buy two Bushels of Corn and 8
Hides, the Indians not being willing to trade.

Monday the 3ist cloudy and hard wind from
the S. W. made up an assortment to go to
the Mandan and purchase Horses for the par-
ties going up the River.

Thuesday Sept. I, cloudy and heavy Squalls,
four Men went to the Men to buy horses,
made a fish trap of willars, and caught 31
Cat fish, hunters went out this Morning, and
returned in the Evening had Killed II Cow.

Sept. 2d Wednesday hard Gales from N. W.
' La Plume came to Camp, the wind abated
about Sun set cloudy and cold.

Thursday Sept. 3. clear and warm, caught 6
fish very large.

Minnetarees and Arikaras in a stockaded village, where they remained
until 1888. Then these tribes separated and scattered to the north-
ward and westward, the Mandans crossing to the southwest side of the
Missouri and settling above and below the mouth of the Little Mis-
souri. The Mandans were agriculturists and artisans, and more highly
civilized than the other Indian tribes of the Northwest. They lived
in circular clay-covered log huts, which were in ancient times sur-
rounded with palisades of strong posts. In 1905 their population was
about 250.

ll7 This boat arrived in St. Louis about September 27, 1812.

7 6 [1812]

friday Sept. 4 nothing remarkable, cloudy and
cold.

Saturday Sept. 5 the same.
Sunday " 6 the same.

Monday 7 moved in the new house and

began to make Equipments 118 for the Parties
going up the Missouri.

Thuesday 8 finished Equipments, Killed 14
Ducks.

Wednesday 9 our hunter brought Meat of 9
Buifaloe, were informed the Sioux and Rees
had fought a Battle 2 Sioux Killed 3 Rees
wounded.

Thursday 10 clear and warm, the Grey Eye
Chief and 3 Men arrived from a Scout.

friday the nth early rise, the parties prepared
to start. Mr. Sanguinette and 2 Men with 5
horses for the Spanish waters 119 Mr Lorimier

118 Equipment to clerks and boatmen consisted of: I three-point
blanket, valued at $4.00; \% yards of blue cloth, $2.66; I calico shirt,
72 cents; I cotton handkerchief, 16 cents; i knife, 17 cents; 3 pounds
of tobacco, 1 8 cents.

ll9 The Arkansas River. The Arapaho Indians lived in the neigh-
borhood of this river, which has its sdurces in the Rocky Mountains
to the westward of Pike's Peak. "The Arkansas River bore the unique
distinction among western streams of being an international boundary,
and prior to the war with Mexico it was the frontier between the
United States and that country from the looth meridian to its source.
This fact gave it an artificial importance which it in no way possessed
as a natural water-course. The upper course of the Arkansas was a
great resort for traders and trappers, and here arose the well-known
Bent's Fort, which held commercial sway for many years over the
surrounding country." (Chittenden, History of the American Fur
Trade.}

c

[1812] 77

and four for wind River, 120 Mr Lewis, two
engagees and the trappers for the little Horn 121
in all 1 8 Men, at noon a Sioux Chief arrived
to have a talk with Mr M. L. and 9 Men
with him, cloudy & rain we traded some dry
meat and i Robe.

Saturday the 12, the Sioux started this Morn-
ing, as also Mercier, 122 LaChapel and Carri-
ere 123 for their fall hunt down the Missouri,
Killed 14 Ducks.

Sunday the I3th fine weather, began to hawl
stone for Chimneys our hunters went out
finished the store caught 15 large fish.

Monday the 14 last Night a Ree Chief Legross 124
came to fort with his Wife he was lamenting
the Death of one of his Children which had
died 2 Days ago, Mr Manuel covered the
Dead Child, Legross being a good Indian,
this morning had 22 fish fine warm weather,

l2 Bighorn River. It is the principal tributary of the Yellowstone;
rises in the Shoshone and Wind River Mountains in Wyoming. At
its mouth Manuel Lisa established a trading-post in 1808 and named
it Fort Raymond The upper course of thit river was known for a
time as Wind River.

l2 *Little Bighorn, one of the tributaries of the Yellowstone. This
river is famous as the scene of the Custer massacre.

122 Antoine Mercier was born at Kaskaskia, Illinois, November 15,
1766, the son of Joseph Marie and Catherine (Desgagniers) Mercier.
He was in the service of the Missouri Fur Company from 1809.

l23 Eustache Carriere, a native of La Rivifcre du Chene, the son of
Baptiste and Marie (Lajeunesse) Carriere. He married at Florissant,
Missouri, January 3, 1820, Josette Therese Jusseaume, daughter of
Ren6 Jusseaume, the Indian interpreter. There was a Carriere with
the Hunt party of Astorians, who was lost "never to be heard of later."
There was also a Michel Carriere at the American Fur Company's
Fort Tecumseh in 1830-1833 and later at Fort Union.

v*Le Gross ("Big Man"), a ferocious-looking, gigantic fellow. He
was the principal war chief of the Arikaras when Brackenridge visited
this tribe in 1811.

78

our hunters returned with 6 Cows and the
pleasing news of plenty in the prairies.

Thuesday the 15, moved in the Store, took an
Inventory caught 8 fish, warm and clear.

Wednesday the 16 fine weather nothing remark-
able.

Thursday the 17 the Wind blew heavy from the
N. W., abt 6 A. M. the Men who went to
gett the Horses, came back and told the sad
news that 5 Indians, supposing Grosventers
had mounted the horses in their Sight and
rode them off. 7 in Number, Charbonneau 125
who was on horse back came in full speed to
the fort and cried out; To Arms Lecomte 126
is Killed, he run off and left the poor fel-
low, the Indians spoke to Lecomte and they
told him to go about his busines he asked
them what Nation they were, they answered
Crows 127 if the Indians had an Idea to Kill

l28 For a sketch of Toussaint Charbonneau, see Appendix.

l26 Fran?ois Lecompte. In the contract of engagement of Francois
Lecompte with the co-partnership of Lisa and Drouillard, dated Sep-
tember 24, 1803, the former is referred to as an " habitant de la Made-
lainne" Under this engagement he was to serve three years as hunter
and trapper and at the end of that period agreed to return to St. Louis,
and, if mutually satisfactory, to renew his contract. On June 30, 1807,
at the Kansas River, Lecompte agreed to remain in the service of Lisa.
He attached his mark to the document, which was witnessed by Robert
McClellan. There was a Franfois Lecompte in the service of the
Northwest Company previous to 1803, and it is probable that it
was this man.

127 The Crows, called Absaroke, "crow," or "bird people"; the early
French traders referred to them as gens des corbeaux. This tribe are of
Siouan origin, forming part of the Hidatsa group; separating from the
Hidatsa (as Matthews believes, about 1694), they left their villages
on the Missouri and migrated to the region of the Rocky Mountains .
They were a roving, quarrelsome, and thieving people. Maximilian

[1812]

79

him they might easy have done it, 10 armed
Men went immediately after them but re-
turned without Success they saw them no
more, a cloudy Day and cold.

friday the 18 disagreeable weather, the wife of
Elie 128 a Snake Squaw died, made a Wolf trap
and raised the Mens house.

Saturday the iQth Charbonneau and Jessaume 129
departed for to go to the Bigbellies, to try
to get the horses Bijou arrived from his Sta-
tion with 10 Sioux, (Saunie) to make peace
with the Rees, as Mr M. L. had proposed,

considered them the proudest of Indians, despising the whites. While
they did not wantonly kill the whites, they never missed an oppor-
tunity to plunder them.

128 Joseph Elie, or Helie, as it was sometimes written, entered the
employment of the Missouri Fur Company in 1810. He was a Cana-
dian, born about 1786, and died in St. Louis, January 14, 1816.

129 RENE JUSSEAUME, sometimes called St. Pierre, was a native of
Canada, and claimed to have been in the Mandan villages as a free
trader as early as 1791. He was in the employ of the Northwest
Company on the Red River in 1793, and served as guide and inter-
preter to David Thompson on his voyage of exploration in 1797- He
was interpreter for Lewis and Clark at Fort Mandan, and accompanied
the Mandan chief Sheheke and Capt. Meriwether Lewis to ^ see the
President in 1806. On the first attempt to convey the Indian chief
back to his home Jusseaume was wounded by the Arikaras. He was
brought down to St. Louis and cured, and finally returned to his home
with Sheheke, in 1809. In 1811 and later he was in the employ of
Manuel Lisa. On August 24, 1817, Toussaint Jusseaume, son of Ren6
Jusseaume and Catherine des Bois, married Marguerite Bergan at Ca-
hokia, and on January 3, 1820, at Florrissant, Missouri, Josette Therese
Jusseaume, daughter of Ren6, married Eustache Carriere, also of this
expedition.

8o [1812]

at 2 P. M. our hunters brought in 3 Elk
fine Evening.

Sunday the 2Oth a clear but cold Morning 2
Rees arrived in search of a Women which had
run off, after Breakfast Immel and 4 Men
went hunting, in the afternoon Goshe and 3
Men arrived he seemed not much pleased
with the Sioux, they harangued much this
Evening, and to Morrow was fixed to smoke
and make Peace.

Monday 2ist fine weather and warm, one of
the Warriors of the Sioux after having taken
a little mixed whisky, pretended to be drunk,
and cut Capers about like a mad Men, which
determined the Business with the Rees, it
was resolved that the Sioux should depart in
the Evening unseen by other Indians which
might hurt them, they spent the Day agre-
able together and at 8 oclock in the Evening
they crossed the River, accompanied by a
few Presents. Bijou who was to go by water
found the Canoes not good and remained.

Thuesday the 22d fine warm weather and clear
Bijou loaded his Canoe and went down the
River with Manegre, 130 at 10 A. M. Goshe
and party also started and Immel came home
with i Elk and 2 Deer very fat he found no

180 Louis Manegre. There was a family in Cahokia, Illinois, in the
latter part of the eighteenth century, of this name, though they used
several variations in the spelling, such as Manegle and Manaigle. Joseph
Manegre was one of the original claimants of land in Kaskaskia, Illi~
nois. According to the Missouri Fur Company's book, Louis Manegre
deserted; the last entry being September 21, 1812.

[1812] 8i

Buifaloe traded 2 horses, in the Evening a
Rees and 2 Woman to trade a horse.

Wednesday the 23 fine and clear weather, set
2 hens with 22 Eggs, traded the horse in the
Evening another arrived to trade a horse and
also his Wife, a handsome Squaw he found
trade for the horse but not for the Wife, a
Mandan arrived, no news from above.

Thursday the 24th fine warm weather for the
Season traded some Corn the Indians went
to the Village, Immel and 3 men went hunt-
ing took 10 traps and 7 Horses with him,
in the Evening Nez Corbain and 50 Men of
the Yentonas arrived.

friday 25th, Rain and windy traded some Meat
with the Indians, after dinner they brought
in their Plunder for trade and we traded sev-
eral Peltries, a large quantity of dry meat and
tallow, held a Council and made a Present
of 10 Ib. Powder 15 Ib. Bail, I Kegg of mixed
Whisky.

Saturday the 26, they were preparing to move,
when we found they had stolen a foot Adge
and a handsaw, by giving a Hand Kerchief
to the Chief he promised to return them we
got the Adge but not the Saw, when they
were gone we found our table Knives and
the Door of a large had also departed at 2 P.
M. our hunters came in with 4 Buffaloe, they
had left Immel with one Men to trap Beav-
er.

Sunday the 27th nothing remarkable, Rain,

82

blew a hard Gale and continued so all Night
till

Monday the 28 in the Morning when it cleared
up our Hunters went out for Meat, and in
the afternoon about 40 Sioux arrived to trade,
in the Evening a hard thunder Storm

Thuesday the 29th had cleared up, began to
trade they had not much peltry, at 9 A. M.
the Indian crossed again.

Wednesday the 3Oth clear 'and fresh at 2 P. M.
our hunters came in with the Meat of 3 Cows
2 Deer, 2 whole Beaver and Beaver meat,
Immel having caught 14 Beaver.

Thursday the 1st of October, at Sunrise we had
to cross a band of Sioux, accompanied by
Nez Corbain and another Chief called Boite
about 40 in Number they traded and re-
turned at noon satisfied, in the afternoon 7
Men started up the River with the Mackina
Boat to hunt Buff aloe, and Immel came home
with 15 Beaver i Otter and 2 Muskrats; the
wind blew very hard from N W and the Boat
returned.

friday the 2d the Boat went again early in
the Morning the wind arose from the same
quarter they stopped at the first point above
four Rees came to fort.

Saturday the 3, clear and cold had white frost
this Morning Ma jet and all hands employed
to cut Picketts, at Sunset 2 Mandans ar-
rived with the sad news of the Big white and

[1812] 83

Little Crow 131 being Killed by the Bigbellies
and 3 Mandans wounded, the Bigbellies had
II Men Killed and a Number wounded, at
night Charbonneau & Jessaume returned and
brought with them 3 of the horses which had
been stolen by the Mandans and not Big-
bellies as supposed a lesson to take care of
our property, no matter friend or Ennemy.

Sunday the 4th the Mandans went to the Rees
accompanied by 3 Rees fine weather.

Monday the 5th Immel went to the Village
with Mr Manuel returned in the Evening
they were informed the Sioux had stolen 3
horses from us in the night of the 3d instant
and by examination we found one of Com-
pany one of Gosh and one of Charbonneau
gone

Thuesday the 6th last night the Dogs made
alarm we went patroalling, heard some whis-
tling of Men, but found in the Morning our
horses safe, raised the right wing of the out
houses and Kept our horses housed.

lzi JKago-ha-mi, Little Raven, better known as Little Crow, a Mandan
chief. On October 29, 1804, Captains Lewis and Clark held council
with the Mandans and distinguished some of the leading men of that
nation by making them chiefs. In this manner Little Crow was made
second chief of the lower village and was presented with a medal bear-
ing the impressions of domestic animals. He was very friendly to the
men of that expedition. When Capt. Clark requested the Mandans
to choose a confidential chief to return with the expedition and visit
President Jefferson, Little Crow showed a willingness to accept the
honor. Later he declined to accompany them and refused the flag
which Capt. Clark wished to present to him. His refusal was occa-
sioned by jealousy between him and the principal chief, Sheheke, Big
White. After some persuasion the chiefs became reconciled^and agreed
that Big White should go in place of Little Crow.

84 [1812]

Wednesday the 7th fine warm weather all hands
to cut Pickets a beautiful Day for the Season
nothing remarkable

Thursday the 8th this Morning 2 horses were
stolen in sight of the house, distance 150 steps
the Men who had to take care of the horses
went to his Breakfast and returning the horses
were gone.

friday the Qth clear and fine weather, in the
afternoon 4 Rees arrived to give us Notice
that their Corn was gathered and ready for
trade. Charbonneau & Jessaume Keep us in
Constant uproar with their Histories and wish
to make fear among the Engagees, these two
Rascals ought to be hung for their perfidy,
they do more harm than good to the Amer-
ican Government, stir up the Indians and
pretend to be friends to the white People at
the same time but we find them to be our
Ennemies.

Saturday the 10 fine weather, the Rees went
home again Garrows Wife a Ree Squaw Sis-
ter to the Chief Goshe, came to fort last
night, this Morning she was going to shot her
husband, she came here with that Intention,
some Rees arrived which were enraged against
Charbonneau & Jessaume, having heard of
their arrival from the Bigbellies they said
that C. & J. were Lyars and not to be con-
sidered as good french men, and if Mr Man-
uel Lisa would sent them to the Gros venter
with a pipe they would not consent such

85

Credit have these Men amongst the Indians
they find their Character gone and try every
Scheme, to Keep themselves alive like a Men
a Drowning, I shall leave them for a while,
and go on with my Observations.

Sunday the nth Immel and others went with
the Boat to the Ree Village to trade Corn,
late last Evening the Boat and hunters ar-
rived with a fine Chanoe of Meat they had
Killed 19 Cows and 4 Elk, but lost the meat
of 7 Cows by the Wolves, there are incred-
ible quantities of Wolves in this parts, they
go in gangs of 3 to 400 and at Nights the
Prairies echo with their howling but nothing
of this Kind can prevent the Savage of his
favorite Walk, to Kill and steal at night,
this Day finished our new Provision Store,
and go on with the other houses, the Horses
are Kept under Lock and we fear no Lurking
Savage.

Monday the 12 we had frost last night, the
Vessels full of ice clear and cold Morning,
but calm and warm in the afternoon cloudy
evening.

Thuesday the 13, white frost, cloudy, this Morn-
ing our Cart man was attacked by 5 Wolves,
but cleared himself Immel returned, the Rees
will not trade Corn with us.

Wednesday the I4th, fine clear weather, 4 Men
went out to hunt, some Rees arrived to trade
a little Corn and a Girl the first was traded,
but the last not, she wanted to be the Wife

86 [1812

of frenchman, and not his concubine, Chas-
tity. got this Day 21 Chickens.

Thursday the 15, This Morning Immel, Papin
and Charbonneau started for the Grosventer,
Mr M. Lisa having engaged Charbonneau for
some good reasons at 8 A. M. a Band of
Chajennes about 12 Lodges arrived their Chief
named Lessaroco, they had plenty Women &
Children and a great Number of Dogs, traded
some Beaver, and about 50 Bushels of Corn.

friday the i6th, clear and warm, the Cha-
jennes went off they behaved very well, traded
tranquil and in the afternoon 2 young Men
brought our Hogs back which had followed
them.

Saturday the 17, cloudy, Majet and hands
crossed the River for Picketts, in the after-
noon some Rees arrived, traded 6 Beaver and
some Corn.

Sunday the 18, cloudy & cold, Boat went for
Picketts again.

Monday the 19 the same as yesterday.

Thuesday the 20, snowstorm, at 3 P. M. Goshe*
arrived with 4 Chajennes of a large band,
they came to inform themselves how we
traded, and observe we had not Goods enough
for their Peltries, we shall see when they
come ?

Wednesday the 2ist cold and cloudy, this Morn-
;/ ing the Chajennes went off and Goshe* re-

[1812] 87

mained, at noon 2 of our hunters came in
with Meat of 2 Cows.

Thursday the 22d clear and cold, the 2 hunters
went out again, commenced the Stockade of
the fort.

friday the 23 clear and cold had 3 Kittens this
Day.

Saturday the 24 clear and cold after Dinner
our Heroes arrived from the Bigbellies, they
brought a Pipe and 3 Bladder for the Rees,
their Mission had been successful and all
Differences existing between them and the
whites settled at the same time our hunters
arrived with Meat of 2 Cows, they had
Killed 7 and caught 20 Beaver I Otter 2
Muskrats and Killed 2 Wolves.

Sunday the 25, clear and cold nothing to remark.

Monday the 26, the same. Mr Manuel L. went
accompanied by the 2 Interpreters, Papin and
3 Men to the Ree Village with the Pipe of the
Bigbellies.

Thuesday the 27 clear and cold hunters went
with 7 Horses but returned in the Evening,
having seen some Lurking Savages. Mr. M.
L. returned from the Village successful

Wednesday the 28th clear and moderate warm,
our hunter took an early start across the
River with 6 Horses, at evening 4 Rees and
I Mandan came to the fort from the Man-
dans, they informed the brother of Legrand 132

lia Le Grand, Ohheenaw, or "Big Man," "a Cheyenne, was taken pris-
oner by the Mandans, who adopted him; he now enjoys the first
consideration among the tribe". (Lewis and Clark, Coues ed., p. 182.)

88 [1812]

had died of his wounds, received in the Battle
with the Bigbellies.

Thursday the 29th clear and warm, finishing
writing and at n A. M. Lajois 133 and Gogal 134
two Engagees set sail in a Canoe for St.

133 Louis Lajoie, son of Joseph and Franchise (Trudal) Lajoie of
Masquilonge, Quebec, where he was born about 1778. He married,
first, Celeste Tabeau, daughter of Jacques and Susanne (Jarret) Ta-
beau, February 3, 1801, at Florissant, Missouri. Three children were
born of this marriage: Margaret. October 6, 1802; Charles, Septem-
ber 25, 1804; and Joseph, August 9, 1807. After the death of his
wife, he married Susanne Charette (Jarret 3 ), daughter of Henry Char-
ette, or Jarret, at Florissant, September 7, 1829. The second wife
appears to have been a relative of his first wife, having the same name
as the latter's mother. Ten children were born of this second marriage;
five of them dying in infancy. In 1833 he testified in a land suit that
he was living in Florissant sometime before 1800 and was about 22
years old at the time; that he had previously come to St. Louis for the
purpose of obtaining a Spanish Government concession of land, which
he received from Gov. Delassus, February 19, 1800. He also testified
that he was oftener drunk than sober; that he recollected having sold
his interest in the grant, when in a frolic, for a pint of whiskey. Being
asked what was his occupation at that time, he answered, "Drinking
drams." He testified that he supported his family by working by the day
when sober; that since a few years he had left off drinking. He re-
mained in St. Louis County until about 1840, after which he joined
his old friends, the Robidoux, at Black Snake Hills (St. Joseph, Mo.).
Four of his children's marriages are recorded in the church register
of the Cathedral at St. Joseph, viz.: Henry Lajoie to Sophie Papin,
January 7, 1847; Margaret Lajoie to Allen Wallis, January 18, 1848;
Louis Lajoie to Maryanne Wallis, January 10, 1848; and Octavia
Lajoie to John Picard, May I, 1855.

134 Joseph Joyal of Montreal, Canada, son of Antoine and Agathe
(Ribeau) Joyal. He was married at St. Louis, August 3, 1818, to The-
rese Labadie, daughter of Joseph and Genevieve (Labuiche) Labadie,
dit St. Pierre. Ten children, two of whom died in infancy, were born
of this marriage: Oliver, born February 2, 1821; Francois, born De-
cember 12, 1826, was drowned in 1853; Louise Amanda, March 31,
1829, who married William J. Johnson; Antoine, April 26, 1831; Aga-
the, April 22, 1833; Joseph, May 17, 1835; Elizabeth, April 16, 1838,
who married Alphonzo Boucherelle; and Edward, who was killed in the
Civil War. In 1832 Joseph Joyal made his will, mentioning his wife,
Aglae, and his children, Oliver, Marie, Francois, Amanda, and Antoine.
Three children were born after he made his will. Joseph Joyal died
at St. Louis, December 5, 1841.

There was a Joseph Joyal voyageur in the Northwest Company on
upper Red River in 1804.

[1812] 89

Louis, with a few Peltries &a cloudy evening
at 1 1 P. M. Goshe* and Legross with 4 War-
riors came to fort with a Pipe for the Big-
bellies

Friday the 3Oth Charbonneau and the 4 War-
riors marched off to the Bigbellies, our hunt-
ers returned with Meat of 2 Cows, they had
met plenty but very wild and could not Kill.

Saturday the 3ist Snow this Morning, cleared
up at noon and had fine weather, nothing to
remark.

Sunday November I, frost last Night, cold and
clear several Rees came to the fort, Woahl 13 "
and Chaine 136 returned from trapping, they
brought 53 Beaver I Otter 5 Muskrats 2
Wolves 2 Mink 20 foxes 7 Elk Skins.

Monday the 2d, cloudy and hard Gales from
West a hunting party was prepared to go up
the River in the Boat, but blewing to hard
were prevented.

136 Fran$ois Oulle. This name is on the Company's books of 1812-
1813 as Oul, Oull, and Ouelle. There was recorded in the church
register of Cahokia, April 2, 1799, the marriage of Antoine Oule, son
of Francois Oule and Marie J. Laroche. Francois Oulle appears to
have been an independent trader, and is likely the man referred to in
the church register.

130 Pierre Chaine, variously spelled Chene, Chaine, and Chesne. The
Chesne family was one of the most important in Detroit in early days.
At least two members of this family served with the British forces
during the Revolution. One, Isadore Chaine, was interpreter for the
British forces at Post Vincennes in 1779. Tanguay gives the births
and marriages of several Pierre Chaines, but there is no way of identi-
fying these with the person referred to in this journal. A Pierre Chaine
married in St. Louis, in 1853, Catherine Perrin. There was a Pierre
Chene at Fort Benton in 1864, according to Larpenteur's journal. The
account-book of the Missouri Fur Company covering this expedition
shows that Peter Chaine was sent among the Mandans on April 17, 1813.

90 [1812]

Thuesday the 3d clear and cold the Boat start-
ed with 12 Men at 8 A. M. in the afternoon
a Partizan 137 (Camerad of Mr. M. L.) of the
Sioux (Sauriies) arrived with 19 Men, they
wanted absolutely Mr Manuel Lisa to go with
them to their hunting ground and trade very
hard Gales and cloudy evening late in the
Evening Grey head a Mandan Chief came to
the fort with his family.

Wednesday the 4th cloudy and Snow Squalls
Mr. M. L. wished to follow the Boat by Land
was prevented by the Sioux, they were not
willing to go home in the Evening several
Rees and 3 Mandans arrived.

Thursday the 5th Snow storms all last night
until 8 this Morning when it cleared up, cold
weather.

Friday the 6th clear and cold, much Ice in the
River the Sioux went off this Morning across
the River fearing to go on this side of the
Rees, Grey head, Rees and Mandan started
also, and Garrow the Interpreter left the fort
with his Wife, on Account of 'a quarrel be-
tween his Wife and Baptist Provost. 138

137" p ar tizan" meant a warrior, usually, or the leader of a war party.
There was a Teton Sioux Indian called Partizan in the deputation
which came with Manuel Lisa to make a treaty of peace at Portage
des Sioux, Missouri, in 1815. This man had attempted to stop Lewis
and Clark on their journey to the Pacific Ocean. Le Grand Partisan,
a Dakota warrior, was at the council with Gen. Pike on the St. Peter's
in 1805. "He was not a signer, probably not more than a principal
soldier, certainly not a chief." (Minnesota Historical Society Collection,
1:381.)

188 Jean Baptiste Prevot. There were many variations in the spell-
ing of this name, the most common of which were Prevot, Prevost, and
Provost. This man, the son of Jean B. and Marie, "a sauvagesse of

[l8l2 91

Saturday the yth Baptist Provost was turned
out the fort Immel went to hunt with 3 Men
and 6 Horses, at n A. M. Langue de Buche
a Ree Chief and his party arrived engaged
Pierre Chaine to hunt for the fort in the place
of Baptist Provost, the River full of Ice,
clear and cold.

Sunday the 8th Langue de Buche 139 and party
went off to make his Camp for winter about
6 miles above the fort, 140 at 2 P. M. Immel
returned with Meat of 4 Buffaloe several
Rees at the fort, clear and cold.

Monday the 9th, cloudy and moderate, snow
fell in the afternoon, nothing remarkable.

Nation Otto," was born in St. Louis, September 10, 1773. He mar-
ried in St. Charles, Missouri, October I, 1795, Felicit Cote, daughter
of Alexis and Elizabeth (Dodier) Cote. The record of this marriage
is the second in St. Charles, while his father's second marriage was
the first recorded there. Two children were born of this marriage and
were baptized in the St. Charles Catholic Church: Jean B. Prevot,
born February 20, 1797, and Pierre, born December 4, 1798. Prevot
seemed to have had difficulty keeping out of jail on account of his in-
ability to meet his debts. On June 21, 1816, "Jean Baptiste Janot
Provot (by his mark), in prison bounds in St. Charles," gave notice
that he would take the benefit of the bankruptcy act. Two years
later, at the instance of Auguste Chouteau, administrator of the estate
of Paul Lacroix, Baptiste Janot Provost was again confined in jail.

Audubon, in his Missouri River journals, makes almost daily ref-
erences to "old Provot," hunter, and in his entry of October 18, 1843,
is the following: "Landed at St. Charles to purchase bread, etc. Pro-
vost became extremely drunk and went off by land to St. Louis." I
am inclined to think these two men are identical. There was a Jean
B. Provost, a native of Canada, living in Carondelet, where he died
in 1834, aged 50 years. In the St. Louis Directory of 1840-41, John
Prevost, "an old sailor,'' is given as living on Fifth Street between
Wash and St. Charles.

l &Languf de Biche, or "Elk's Tongue," was second chief of the Arika-
ras. After the death of Grey Eyes, in the attack on the American
trcops and traders, Elk's Tongue took command of the war party.
One chronicler calls him a *'tonguey old politician." He was living
with his people on the Upper Platte in 1824.

l40 About Four-Mile Creek in Morton County, North Dakota.

92 [1812]

Thuesday the loth, snowed all night, cleared
up about 8 oclock in the Morning, moderate,
Immel went out again to hunt with the same
Men, Buffaloe in Sight, some Rees arrived.

Wednesday the n clear and moderate, nothing
remarkable.

Thursday the 12, cloudy 3 Rees which had
camped with us last night went away dis-
pleased getting not enough to eat and set
the Prairie around us a fire, Immel returned
with 5 Cows.

Friday the I3th Papin and I Man went to
the Village, to try to get the Rees to make
a great Hunt for us. Mr. M. L. promised
20 Loads Powder & Ball for each Cow
the Buffaloe being very near and plenty.
Charbonneau returned in the afternoon from
the Bigbellies and four of their head Men
with him, the Chief Cheveux Loup and 3
others, some Rees and a Chajenne Chief
(Papilliar) arrived in the Evening with the
news the Chajenne were close by and came
to trade, traded 2 Beaver.

Saturday the I4th, cloudy and cold, Papin re-
turned with tidings that the Rees were pre-
paring to make war on us. Baptist Provost
and Garrow had told them many Lies and
roused the Chiefs and Nation against us,
which proved to be fact, we found this Day
6 of our Horses stolen, 2 Rees arrived to
sound us if we were inclined for War, the
Chajenne Chief went to the Village.

[1812] 93

Sunday the I5th This Morning, Immel, Pa-
pin and Charbonneau left this for the Village,
with the Bigbellies and 3 Rees, to see into the
Misconduct of those fellows and try to settle
amicable, the Rees which remained at fort,
seemed tranquil and content, we stopt all
Work cleared the fort, and prepared for De-
fence in Case of Necessity, sent Pierre Chaine
& Pointsable 141 to the Camp [of] Langue de
Buche, to hear some news of the stolen horses.

Monday the 16, last Night Pierre Chaine re-
turned and informed that the horses had been
stolen by the Rees, by the Order of Garrow
and were at the hunting Camp of Grey Eye,
Langue de Buche arrived this Morning with
8 Men going to the Village he promised to
deliver the horses in three Days, and re-
quested Mr M. L. to be tranquil, Matters
would be settled, traded some Meat and I
white Bear Skin of them at 4 P M. our
Deputies returned with the Bigbellies accom-
panied by Goshe and Plume d'aigle, Garrow
and many other Rees, to arrange the Diffi-
culties which had arisen, all was thrown on
the Shoulders of Baptist Provost.

Thuesday the iyth fine weather, clear and warm,
held Council and finished with Peace, two of
our horses were brought in this Morning,
finished the Enclosure of the fort.

Wednesday the 18, fine weather, and tranquil-
ity restored the Bigbellies requested a trader
and being promised one, left this for their

l4l For a sketch of Jean Baptiste Point du Sable, see Appendix.

94

Village, as also the Rees very well satisfied,
another horse was brought in, Pierre Chaine
and 2 Men went over the River hunting,
Buffaloe and Elk in Sight.

Thursday the I9th clear and warm little Ice in
the River at four oclock in the after noon
hung the great Door of the Entrance of the
fort, which ceremony was saluted by 7 Guns -
and 3 rounds of Musquetry, made the Tour
around the Fort and Baptized the same
MANUEL 1 * 2 in the Evening a good Supper
and a cheerful glass of Whisky was given to
the Men, and a Dance at which all the La-
dies then in fort attended, concluded the Day,
Garrow brought his family to fort again and
traded of the Rees a horse which had been
stolen of the Company last year by the
Sioux.

Friday the 2oth, clear and cold, had a Deer
Killed nothing remarkable.

Saturday the 21, cloudy Morning, cleared up
at noon Immel & Papin went to the hunting
Camp of Grey Eye, to get if possible the re-
mainder of the stolen Horses. Legross came
to the Fort with Baptist Provost to explain
his Conduct and be taken in favor again.
Provost was not permitted to enter, they
blamed Garrow for all the Mischief which
had been done, but went off without Suc-
cess, Immel returned with only our Running

142 For a minute and inteiesting description of trading-posts and
forts, see Chittenden's History of the American Fur Trade, Vol. I, page
4*-

97

Mare the other 2 horses they the Indians had
sent to the Village loaden with Meat, the
horses returned were all ruined and their
Backs very soar, the Chajenne Chief returned
from the Village.

Sunday the 22d Morning clear and moderate,
the Chajenne Chief went to his Village, in
the Evening our hunters came to fort, they
had Killed only i Cow and I Deer and found
very few Buffaloe, evening cold.

Monday the 23d Snow in the Morning, having
been informed, the Saunie, Sioux, had arrived
with about 150 Lodges at the Rees, Char-
bonneau and Garrow set off for the Ree Vil-
lage, to Know if they the Sioux had any thing
to trade. Mr. M. L. Immel and Chain went
to a band of Chajennes which were camped
about 5 Miles above the fort, 143 with the same
intention but returned shortly afterwards,
having met with one Chief and 2 Partizans
coming to pay us a Visit, and inform them-
selves how we traded, cleared up at noon
pretty cold, wind North, plenty Ice in the
River, this Day crossed our horses to the
other Side.

Thuesday the 24th clear and very cold, Garrow
& C. returned from the Sioux, with News
that they had nothing to trade but Meat;
the Chajennes went to their Camp, and prom-
ised to come to trade with what they had,
five Rees arrived at fort.

143 About Fire Heart Butte in Morton County, North Dakota; on
Missouri River Commission map.

98 [1812]

Wednesday the 2$th hard frost last night, and
cloudy, hawled the Boats out of the Ice, this
Evening a Number of Rees came to the fort
to camp.

Thursday the 26th, moderate and cloudy, the
Rees went off, and our hunters started with
8 horses, at noon the Chajennes arrived with
26 Lodges and made their camp at the Point
above us, 5 of their Chiefs came to the fort,
they have a vast quantity of horses and Dogs.
Rain.

Friday the 27th Snow in the Morning and cold,
plenty Chajenne in the fort, they invited Mr
Manuel to a feast, to which he and Immel
went, Grey Eye brought the last stolen horses,
traded some Beaver.

Saturday the 28th last Night the River closed,
moderate and clear, plenty Visitors, but no
trading.

Sunday the 29th cloudy and cold, traded some
Beaver Robes &a.

Monday the 3Oth, cloudy and cold, traded again
one of our hunters came in with the Meat
of 2 Cows were informed by the Rees that
Mercier, Lachapel and Carriere were Killed
by the Sioux, these 3 Men were trapping
about the Big bend.

Thuesday the 1st of December, cloudy and very
cold, traded little, the Chajennes informed us
that 2 very large Bands of their Nation were
camped above them, which would also come
to trade.

99

Wednesday the 2d several Mandans arrived and
demanded a trader, Pierre Chaine brought in
I Cow.

Thursday the 3d, cloudy and very cold, Immel
and 3 Men went out hunting.

Friday the 4th, cloudy and cold, Pierre Chaine
and i Men went out spying for Buffaloe, the
Chajenne Chief (Medicine Men) brought us
I Cow, round, the 5. Chiefs received a smalt
present and were well satisfied with our treat-
ment, I wished to Know their Names but
could only learn, besides the one named above
one more, which was named the poor Little
Wolf.

Saturday the 5th Pierre Chaine sent in this
Morning for horses, he had Killed 4 Cows,
fine clear and cold weather the Meat of Chaine
and Immel with Meat of 2 Cows arrived in
the Evening.

Sunday the 6th, clear and cold. Mr Manuel L.
went on a Hunting Party with the Chajennes,
there being 1000 of Buffaloe opposite, re-
turned at noon and had killed 12 Woahl also
brought in one Cow, Baptist Provost came
to the fort again, Mr Manuel having par-
doned him by information received, that it
was not alltogether his fault, Goshe* and many
Rees arrived.

Monday the yth cold and cloudy, nothing re-
markable.

Thuesday the 8. the same as yesterday.

100

Wednesday the 9th clear and fine moderate
weather Baptist and 5 Men went out hunting,
Goshe to his Village.

'Thursday the loth clear as yesterday, nothing
remarkable.

friday the nth the same, the Chajennes left
us to camp and hunt at the fourth Point above
us, we had traded with them 75 Beaver, 2
Muskrats, 4 dressd Buff. Skins, 7 white Bear,
10 Robes, 5 Otter, 3 foxes i wild Cat, 450
pair of Moccassins a quantity of tongues and
some Meat.

Saturday the 12, cloudy, opposite the fort the
Prairie is covered with Buffaloe, Bapt and
Men arrived this Morning had Killed 4 Cows
and 2 Bulls, in the afternoon, Baptist An-
toine alias Machecou, 144 arrived express from
Mr Lewis and brought the displeasing news,
that the hunters which were equipped by the
Company and which had been on the Span-
ish Waters trapping, had been robbed by the
Crows, one of them Danis 145 was Killed by

l44 Baptiste Machecou, dit Antonio. It is difficult to determine
whether this is an Indian, a French, or a Spanish name, or a corruption
of all three. The word Machecou is given in Hodge's Handbook of
American Indians as a tribal name for Creek Indians. Baptiste Mach-
ecou might have been the brother, or a kinsman, of Pedro Antonio, a
Spaniard, who, while in the employ of Lisa, was killed by the Sioux in
the spring of 1817. This Pedro Antonio lived at Harrison on the Mer-
imec in 1809. He married the daughter of James Head. The account-
book of the Missouri Company shows that Baptiste was with the Com-
pany frorn August, 1812, to April, 1813, and that he received extra
compensation for going to the Crow villages with Louis Lorimier.

146 Jean Baptiste Danis. Probably of the Charles Danis family, who
received the first grant of land in Kaskaskia in 1722. Jean Baptiste
Danis was fn the employ of the Missouri Fur Company from its organ-
ization. In 1803 he was living in New Madrid County near the present
town of Portageville.

[1812]

some Indian supposed Grosventres, the Day
Messrs. Lewis & Lorimier arrived at the little
Horn River, Machecou departed from the
Little Horn River in Company with Du-
roche, 146 but unfortunately separated 2 days
ago in a Snow Storm, Duroche has the Letters
of Messrs Lewis and Lorimier.

Sunday the I3th cloudy, some Rees (of whom
we have always plenty in the fort) went over
the River hunting in the afternoon. Cadet
Chevalier 147 arrived express from Mr Charles
Sanguinette with a Letter dated the 3d in-
stant in the Prairie on his Return from the
Arepaos, 148 in which he confirmed the sad
News of the hunters, he found none and was
informed by the Arepaos, that 3 of them were

M'For a sketch of Auguste Durocher, see Appendix.

l47 Cadet Chevalier was a free mulatto, and was in the employ of
Joseph Hortiz as a trapper and trader on the Great Osage River from
1802 to 1804. There was a Louis Chevalier with the Northwest
Company at Lake Nepegon, and it might well have been the same
man. In 1805 Cadet was in the service of Lisa,/ There is no record
of administration on his estate in St. Louis.

148 The Arapahoes were closely associated with the Cheyennes for
more than a century. They called themselves Inunaina, about equiv-
alent to "our people." The Sioux and Cheyennes called them "Blue-
sky Men" or "Cloud Men," the reason for which is unknown. They
were once a sedentary, agricultural people. They were always at war
with the Shoshoni, Utes, and Pawnees until they were confined upon
reservations. This tribe were generally peaceful toward the whites.
In 1892 their reservation in Oklahoma was thrown open to the white
settlers, and the Indians received allotments in severalty with the
rights of American citizenship. They are much given to ceremonial
observations. The annual sun dance is their greatest tribal ceremony,
and they were active propagators of the ghost dance religion a few years
ago. (Hodge, Handbook of American Indians.) In 1828 they numbered
ten thousand souls and occupied territory extending from the head wa-
ters of the Kansas River to the Rio del Norte. These Indians were
generally well formed, slender and tall, with good countenances.

102 [1812]

Killed by the Blackfeet, 149 supposed Champ-
lain 150 and 2 others, Lafargue 151 and 5 others
had run off to the - - Spaniards, 8 of them

149 The Blackfeet were of Algonquian stock. Gen. Chittenden refers
to them as "the terrible Blackfeet, the scourge of the Upper Missouri
country." The heart of the Blackfoot country was in the valley of the
Missouri near the mouth of Maria's River. * Under the general head
of Blackfeet were included four distinct bands: the Blackfeet proper,
the Piegans, the Bloods, and the Grosventres of the Prairie, or Fall
Indians. The Piegans were peaceably disposed to the whites as a gen-
eral thing, and the first successful trading-post established in the Black-
foot territory was built at the mouth of Maria's River, the usual habitat
of this band. The Grosventres of the Prairie, or Fall Indians, as they
were generally called, were the most relentlessly hostile tribe ever en-
countered by the whites in any part of the West, if not in any part
of America. The trapper always understood that to meet with one
of these Indians meant an instant and deadly fight. The Blackfeet
Indians were of great importance to the fur trade because their country
was the richest beaver district of the West. These Indians were well
formed physically, fond of athletic sports, excellent horsemen, and great
hunters.

180 jEAN BAPTISTE CHAMPLAIN, fils, was a son of Jean Baptiste Cham-
plain, who lived in St. Charles County, Missouri, in 1799. Champlain,
fils, owned land in St. Louis and northwestern Missouri, and appears
in the records of St. Louis as early as 1800. He was a man of educa-
tion and probably a European Frenchman. He went up the river with
Lisa in 1807, returning in August, 1808, and would appear to have gone
back up again soon afterwards. On July 6, 1808, he signed, as witness
to a note, executed by two of Lewis and Clark's men, John Potts and
P. Wyzer (Wiser). On August 13, 1811, he^gave to Manuel Lisa a
note in the sum of $321.00, which is listed in Lisa's estate as "note for
collection." On December 7, 1814, Jean Baptiste Champlain, Sr., was
appointed at St. Louis administartor of the estate of Jean Baptiste
Champlain, Jr., and gave bond in the sum of $2,000. Three days
afterwards the father made a will in which he says that he is a resident
of St. Louis and that he is about to make a voyage on the Arkansas
River. He bequeathed half of his property to Pierre Chouteau and
named his son-in-law, Alexis Berthelot, as his universal heir. It is
possible that Champlain, Sr., doubting the account of the death of
his son, went in search of him among the Arapaho Indians. The
record showing that he returned is found in the shape of a note exe-
cuted at St. Charles, Missouri, April 5, 1815, in favor of August Chou-

[1812] 103

had gone to the Crows which now are with
Mr Lewis, and 3 or 4 others they knew
nothing off at all, they the hunters had much
Beaver some cached and the Remainder plun-
dered with all other things. Mr. Sanguinette
requested 2 Men to meet him to transport a
parcel of horses, which he had traded with
the Arepaos, the Rees brought in 2 Cows
they had Killed 3 had to leave the Meat
having no horses, more Rees arrived from
the Village.

Monday the I4th Baptist and some Men went
out to hunt, plenty Buffaloe about, prepared
an Equipment for Immel, who was to go to
the Mandan for to trade at 2 P. M. Mache-
cou, Cadet and Colla Glineau 152 went to Meet
Mr. Sanguinette.

teau. Soon after this time the father also died, as his will was probated
in St. Louis, but there is no date to show when this was done, nor do
the court minutes show any entry in this case. On May 31, 1816,
Peter Provenchere applied for letters of administration on the estate
of Jean Baptiste Champlain, Jr. In his application he states that, as
far as he knew, Jean Baptiste Champlain, Jr., died without leaving a
will, and there were no heirs or legal representatives living.

16l jean Lafarque probably lived at St. Charles, Missouri, as there
is recorded in the church records there a baptism of Jean Baptiste
Lafarque, son of Jean Baptiste Lafarque, May 31, 1818, at which
time the son was seventeen years of age. Jean Lafarque was with
Manuel Lisa on his first expedition up the Missouri, which left St.
Louis in April, 1807. In May, 1800, there was a Lafarque with
"Senecal [and party] who were taking lead to Mr. Pere when they
were intercepted and seized by Mr. Dubuque by order of Mr. Zenon
[Trudeauj." (Pierre Chouteau Maffitt Collection of Manuscripts.) La-
farque_was one of the leaders of a party sent by Lisa to trade on the
"Spanish Waters." He escaped from the Arapahoes, but was seized
and imprisoned by the Spaniards. He was afterwards released and re-
turned to St. Louis with the Chouteau-De Mun party, September 7,
1817.

162 Nicolas Glineau claimed citizenship of the United States at the
time of his engagement with the American Fur Company in 1831.

104

Thuesday the I5th fine clear weather, Buffaloe
constant in the Prairie, Immel and 3 Men
went with 2 Sleighs on the River to the Man-
dans, had Information that about 80 Lodges
of Sioux had arrived with the Rees and still
more expected. Garrow went to the Village
to invite them again to a general hunting
Party all Rees started only One Men remain-
ing, no News of Duroche.

Wednesday the i6th at i in the Morning Gar-
row returned with the News that the Rees
were willing to come if their critical situation
with the Sioux would allow it they had quar-
relled together and expected to fight a Battle
to Day, the Sioux wanted to force and go
past the Rees, and camp higher and nearer
to us, which the Rees opposed on Account
of the Buffaloes, the Rees came and told us
a dreadful History which they had been in-
formed by the Sioux, as they sayeth, that the
Sioux had Killed Bijou, and plundered the
trading house and were singing the Cheve-
lier 153 for the f rench, and that they would come

He was probably the same Nicolas Glineau who was a voyagrur at River
du Sautcux, in the employ of the Northwest Company in 1804. He
was also with the Lisa expedition of 1809 and remained with Henry's
party on the waters of the Columbia during the winter of 1810-1811.
He appears to have been a free trader, as he received merchandise in
1811 valued at $2,168, and had in his employ Rene Jusseaume and
Joseph Joyal. While with the Luttig party, he received extra pay in
January, 1813, for going to the Mandans, and searching for horses;
also in February of that year, for making another trip to the Mandans.
For a time he was stationed at the Mandan Posts. In 1831 he was
engaged by the American Fur Company as a boatman and to assist
in the trade with the Indians of the Upper Missouri. He renewed his
engagement the following year. I find no record of his death.

w Les Chevelures, "The Scalps," so called by the Canadians. The
scalp dance is the most hideous of all Indian customs. When war

105

to our fort and do the same, if we would not
come to their own terms trading, and in Re-
gard of this Histories Mr Manuel resolved
immediately to write a Letter to Bijou and
sent it express by a Sioux promising a horse
if an answer should be brought to the Letter,
at ii A. M. Papin went off with the Letter.
Baptist sent in Meat of 8 Cows, and the Men
returned to the hunting Camp, at Sunset Du-
roche made his Appearance with the Letters
of Lewis & Lorimier which gave some Satis-
faction from their quarters they had by hunt-
ing and trading 12 Packs of Beaver in Store,
and had purchased ten horses for their Use.
At 1 1 oclock P. M. Papin returned, the Sioux
had taken the Letter and promised to deliver
an Answer, which revived our hopes that the
News of Bijou's Death was not true.

Thursday the iyth fine moderate weather, in
the Evening a party of Rees arrived and
camped in the fort.

friday the i8th fine moderate weather, and in-
deed considering the Season so far advanced
is like Spring; we have had but very little
snow and of late fine moderate weather so
that any Work out of doors may be done, at
i oclock P. M. we received 2 horse Loads of

parties returned to their villages after a victory, they placed their tro-
phies on the end of lances and for hours would sing and dance, not infre-
quently reacting in pantomime all the events leading up to the scalping.
Both the men and women participated in this ceremony, with blackened
or vermilion-painted faces, looking like fiends of darkness let loose,
as Boiler expresses it. The scalps are often preserved for a long time
stretched upon small hoops, and the hairs afterwards used as ornament
to the dress of the men.

io6 [1812]

Meat say 2 Cows, at 6 P. M. Goshe, Legross
and several Rees came to fort, to make a
hunting party Mr Manuel Lisa having prom-
ised a horse to each Chief 4 in Number, when
our horses would arrive.

Saturday the igih fine clear weather, and hard
wind all Day, no hunt, a party of Chajenne
arrived from the upper Band with one Chief
going to the Rees.

Sunday the 2Oth, clear and moderate, our hunter
say Rees went out and Killed 20 Cows head
and foot was received this Evening, purchased
a fine Dog of the Chajennes, this Evening
the Wife of Charbonneau a Snake 154 Squaw, 155
died of a putrid fever she was a good and the
best Women in the fort, aged abt 25 years
she left a fine infant girl.

164 Snake Indians. This tribe was so generally known by this term
as to almost obscure the family name of Shoshoni. "Alexander Ross
is authority for the statement that the name Snake arose from the
characteristic of these Indians in quickly concealing themselves when
once discovered. They seemed to glide away in the grass, sage brush,
and rocks, and disappear with all the subtlety of a serpent." (Chit-
tenden, History of the Fur Trade.) Father De Smet says: "They are
called Snakes because in their poverty they are reduced like reptiles
to the condition of digging in the ground and seeking nourishment
from roots." These Indians at one time occupied western Wyoming,
the entire central and southern parts of Idaho, Nevada, and a small
strip_of Utah west of Great Salt Lake. They were in danger of ex-
termination, at the hands of the Minnetarees and Blackfeet, about the
time of Lewis and Clark's expedition. The Snakes were a wandering
tribe necessarily so, as they depended on the buffalo and the salmon
for their subsistence. They were excellent horsemen and good war-
riors, but treacherous. While not openly hostile, they were inveterate
beggars and thieves, and considered a nuisance by the traders. They
were generally at war with the Crows, Blackfeet, and Utahs, and
allies of the Nez Perces and Flatheads. It was in a battle with the
Grosventres that Sakakawea was captured by that tribe and traded
to the Mandans.

166 For a sketch of Sakakawea, see Appendix.

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[1812] 107

Monday the 2ist, clear and moderate, paid off
our Indian hunters, and they left fort to-
gether with the Chajennes for their Village
in the Evening, several Rees came from the
Mandans, and told us that Immel coming
also from the Mandans had been robbed and
whipped by the Band of Chajennes at the
River Bullet. 156

Thuesday the 22d fine weather, Garrow and
Papin went off early in the Morning to meet
Immel, at 10 oclock A. M. Immel arrived and
the History of the Indians proved to be a
Lie, it was true that he had a quarrel with
the Chajennes, by refusing them their De-
mands which he could not comply with, but
they did forbear being only a few to do harm,
seeing him on his Guard at noon the Sleighs
arrived as also 15 Mandans with them, in
the afternoon the three Men which were sent
by Mr. M. L. to meet Sanguinette returned
without finding him, they found a track of
a party of Indians and were afraid to push
forward.

Wednesday the 23d fine weather, the Mandans
set off for the Rees several Rees arrived in
the afternoon, all tranquil and happy in
situation.

Thursday the 24th clear and hard wind but

"Bullet River Le Boulft, or Cannon Ball River. It was given
this name by Lewis and Clark because "we found round stones in the
form of cannon balls." It is a good-sized stream with two main forks,
which flow to its junction with the Missouri in Morton County, North
Dakota.

log [1812]

moderate the Rees went off again gave 30 Ib
flour and 30 Ib Tallow to the Boys for re-
galing themselves tomorrow, in the afternoon
the Chajennes Chief returned from the Vil-
lage he had heard of the Affair of his Village
with Immel, he was very sorry fired his Gun
backward on entering the house and prom-
ised to see every thing arranged to our Satis-
faction, this Evening the Boys had a treat
of Whisky and made merry fired 3 Guns at
Sunset in honor of the approaching night.

friday the 25th fine moderate weather, indeed
it looks more like Easter, than Chrismas,
were roused by a Salute last Night some In-
dians were lurking about the fort, and some
Men stood guard in the Bastion they saw
some thing in the Dark, fired and had Killed
an Indian Dog, taking him to be an Indian
the Chajennes were afraight to go to their
Village and requested a guard, Six Volunteer
offered immediately and escorted them untill
out of Danger.

Saturday the 26th, at four oclock in the Morn-
ing Messrs. M. L., Immel and four Men went
to the Sioux, to sound their Sentiments, in
the afternoon a party of Mandans arrived at
fort with several Rees, and at Sundown our par-
ty from the Sioux, they rejected our friend-
ship and will trade as they please, or plunder,
fine weather.

Sunday the 27 the weather continuing fine, the
Mandans went to their Village, Mr M. L. sent

[1812] 109

Colla Glineau along with them, to carry some
more Articles to our trader.

Monday the 28th fine weather, made up Equip-
ment for Charbonneau and Woahl to go and
trade with the Bigbellies, Baptist went hunt-
ing Killed a Calf.

Thuesday the 2Qth Charbonneau and Woahl
set off for their Stations with 2 Men and 4
horses, in the afternoon we had the pleasure
to receive an Answer to the Letter sent to
Bijou, to the greatest Satisfaction of Mr M.
L., Bijou having traded very well more than
expected, Antoine Citoleux 157 had started with
the Indian from below, but could not Keep
up walking with him the three which were
reported to be Killed were with him, and
proved another made History of the Rees.

Wednesday the 30, fine weather the Sioux went
off with their pay a horse and 2 Carrots
Tobacco.

Thursday the 3ist Rain this Morning, nothing
remarkable at Sunset saluted the exile year,
the Boys had Whisky and a Dance, all Cares
and troubles were forgotten and drowned in
oblivity and so concluded again a year with,
I may say, a cheerful night.

1B7 For sketch of Antoine Citoleux, dit Langevin, see Appendix.

[1813]

I8l3

January the 1st, The new year was ushered in
by firing a Salute and paying the Compliment
of the Season, every One seemed rejoiced of
having lived to see another year, fine moderate
weather in the Evening several Rees arrived,
they brought a Present for Mr Manuel, but
he would not accept it, I took it and paid
pretty high.

Saturday the 2d fine weather and fresh, nothing
to remark.

Sunday the 3d fine weather as jesterday, at
noon Goshe" and a party of Rees arrived, car-
rying a Pipe to the Chajennes, and came to
Council with Mr. M. L. on that Subject.

Monday the 4th fine weather, Goshe* went off
Cadet Chevalier paid the Debt of Nature at
noon he died of a putrid fever.

Thuesday the 5th fine weather and moderate,
in the afternoon Antoine Citoleux arrived, in
the Evening a Band of Rees headed by Plume
D'aigle arrived, carrying a Pipe to Mandans.

Wednesday the 6th the same weather as yester-
day the Rees left us and Directly after I
found they had stolen our only he Cat Tom,
Baptist went hunting at noon Sanguinette,
Latour 168 and Lange 159 arrived, they had left

l58 Charles Latour. With Charles Sanguinet and Cadet Chevalier
he was sent to "find the hunters who were on the Spanish and Arapaos
rivers." (Note, appended to company's list of engages.) Latour was

[1813]

their horses 31 in Number at the little
Chajenne fork, 160 prepared for an Expedition
to the little Horn, wrote Letters to Lewis &
Lorimier, in the afternoon Baptist brought
in the Meat of 3 Cows, cloudy evening.

Thursday the yth at 4 oclock in the Morning,
Duroche, Machecou and Fouche' 161 left the fort
with 3 horses loaden with Tobacco and Pow-
der for to go to the little Horn to Mr Lewis,
cloudy and windy many Rees passed by, at
3 P. M. we saw to our Surprise the three Men
which had started this Morning for the little
Horn, returning, they reported, they had seen

the son of Amable and Agnes (Menier) Latour of Detroit, and was
baptized in Detroit, January 5, 1783. He married, in Florissant, Mis-
souri, January n, 1814, a widow with six children. She was Pelagic
Billeau, dit Lesparance, widow of Jean Baptiste, and daughter of Fran-
ois and Therese (Riviere) Marechal. In the marriage record, Detroit
is given as his former residence. Three children were born of this
marriage: Agnes, Noel, and Charles, the last-named being the only
one who lived to majority. He was in the employ of Lisa and Droullard
in 1807 and until the St. Louis Missouri Fur Company was organized.
After his marriage Latour took up farming with much success and
acquired a small fortune. He died July 24, 1844, on his farm near
Florissant, Missouri. His widow died April 20, 1855, aged 80 years.

169 Peter Lange, not identified. There was a Joseph Lange with
the Northwest Company at Lake Winnepeg in 1804.

160 The Little Cheyenne, a prairie stream coming into the Mis-
souri in Potter County, South Dakota, from the north side.

16l lsaac Foucher. The Foucher family was prominent in Missouri;
Pedro Fouche being the Spanish Commandant at New Madrid in
1789. I am somewhat inclined to believe that the Christian name
of the man of this expedition was Francois, although the account-book
and the list of engages give it as Isaac. Frangois was with the Missouri
Fur Company in 1809 and on August 17, 1813, he with Francois Rajotte
went on a trapping voyage for Chouteau, Cabanne & Co. This man
was living in St. Louis, where he owned some real estate in 1829. In
1819 he signed a petition in St. Louis to aid in building a college for
the "education of the youth." Francois was the son of Michel and
Therese (Leclerc), and married Louise Bertrand, May 21, 1816. In
1825 he was in the Otoe outfit of the American Fur Company.

112

something like Men and got scared, they
would not go on, returned the Goods, but kept
their Equipments for the Vojage which made
their tale doubtful, and it seemed they had
had no Idea to go, and cheat the Company
out of their Goods. Goshe* returned from the
Chajennes stayed at night.

friday the 8, Immel went early this Morning
with 6 Men after the horses which Sanguinette
had left, the Indians Killed 6 Cows for us,
and our hunter 2 Bulls and i Deer, the Meat
of the Bulls is not good and it is only to
have the Hides for covering, cloudy and cold.

Saturday the 9th hard wind from N. W. rain
and Squally all Day, cleared up in the Evening
and cold.

Sunday the loth fine cold weather, nothing to
remark.

Monday the nth fine and moderate, the same.
Thuesday the I2th, the same the same.

Wednesday the 13 the same, the Indians Killed
3 Cows towards evening had a Bull chase on
the Ice, the poor Animal when he found he
was pursued, fell several times, and at last
tired could not gett up, surrounded by many
he awaited his fate patiently cold and cloudy.

Thursday the I4th cloudy and moderate, In-
dian Killed i Cow a party Mandans camped
at fort.

friday the isth the Present I received the 1st

instant I had to throw away to the Damage
of 114 Dollars on my Side a Lesson I shall
not soon forgett, in Evening a party of Cha-
jennes came to fort, carrying a Pipe to the
Rees and Sioux, some snow fell, but moderate.

Saturday the 16, fine moderate weather, snow
melted away, I took a Walk across the River
where two of our Men are cutting firewood,
I never saw a finer Spot for Cultivation, a
fine timbered Bottom and a beautiful Prairie
late in the Evening two Rees stopped and
told us that the Sioux had commenced war
on them and had Killed a Young Men in
their own Village.

Sunday iyth fine weather, plenty Indians pass-
ing by.

Monday the i8th fine moderate weather, in the
afternoon the Chajennes returned, the Rees
were preparing for war and summoned all
Men which were absent from the Village, at
Evening a large party of Women and Chil-
dren took refuge in the fort, to sleep in Se-
curity they were lodged just above us in 5
Lodges, and the Men all absent.

Thuesday the I9th hard wind and cold, at 8
A. M. Immel & party arrived with 34 horses,
in the afternoon a party of Sioux with the
Chief crooked hand arrived with the Amer-
ican Standard flying before them they said
they were going to the Chajennes to smoke
which was a falsehood, when we first saw
them the Rees run to and fro, crying the

114

Sioux come to Kill, and made a terrible noise,
we traded 32 Robes 20 Beaver, 5 Otter, they
went off at their favorite time, at 9 oclock
at night, plenty Rees at the fort.

Wednesday the 2Oth hard wind & cloudy all
the Rees went to their Village except 2 hunt-
ers and their families.

Thursday the 2ist the wind and weather as
yesterday Latour, Machecou, Duroche and Jo-
seph Laderoute 162 were ordered out of the
fort, they had made a complot against the
adopted Principles of the Company Mr Man-
uel tried every way to gett them in Employ-
mant but they would neither engage nor hunt
nor pay their Debts, Latour had brought 4
horses from the Arepaos Mr M. wanted to
buy them against his Debt, no, he offered
300 Dollars wages per year to hunt for the
forts or be otherwise employed, they refused,
they only wanted to get the necessaries, and
Equipments to squander away, and set by
the fireside at ease eat our Provision, take out

162 Joseph Laderoute, dit Casse. This was a common name in St.
Louis and Kaskaskia, Illinois. I think I have identified this man as
Casse, for Laderoute, dit Casse was with Lisa's expedition which left
St. Louis in April, 1807. He wintered with Henry's party and re-
turned to St. Louis, August 5, 1808. He was also engaged as a hunter
in the expedition of 1809, but was detained at St. Charles by warrant
for the non-payment of a debt. However, the Missouri Fur Company
paid it and he was released. Two years later, in 1811, he seems to have
deserted and left the company before the expiration of his engagement.
Joseph Laderoute accompanied Jean Baptiste Trudeau of the Spanish
Company in June, 1794, and was in the employ of Gabriel Cerre in
1799. In the St. Louis Cathedral baptisms, there is a record of Emelie
Casse, the three-year-old natural daughter of Joseph Laderoute and an
Indian, who was baptized April 13, 1816. There were several families
in St. Louis with the name of Rolette, dit Laderoute.

of store when pleased and lett the Company
go Destruction, their Character is throughout
vicious and Dangerous, the Company looses
considerable by them, say about 4000 Dol-
lars. Laderoute wanted to take a girl which
Immel had given him, and Immel would not
permit her to go in the Situation she was in,
high pregnant, but Laderoute wanted to take
her by force like a Brute without nourish-
ment and cold Season, the dispute ended by
both remaining, one of the Indian hunters
got displeased, on Account we would give
him no meat for his family, he sold us each
Cow for 3 Dollars and then wanted to eat the
Meat, avaricious design, last night we saw
plenty fires opposite side which induced us
to believe that the Sioux had fought with the
Chajennes made up an Equipment for Mahas
poncas etc.

friday the 22d last Night Laderoute's Girl had
a little Girl, cold and cloudy.

Saturday the 23d, cold and cloudy, our hunters
went out and returned with the Meat of 3
Cows, the news from them this day was that
a Sioux Chief was Killed by the Rees, and a
Ree Woman by the Sioux.

Sunday the 24th Snow and cold, this Day sent
the 4 horses promised to Rees Chief for make
a hunt.

Monday the 25th clear and cold, nothing to
remark.

Thuesday the 26 cloudy and cold, this Evening

[1813!

the Men who guarded the horses found two
missing supposed to be stolen by Langue de
Buche.

Wednesday the 27th clear and cold Sanguinette
and a party went hunting, Immel, Papin and
another party went to Langue de Buche,
which as suspected, had been the Case as
were informed that his party had stolen the
horses, they returned in afternoon in several
parties, one party found an Indian who had
stolen a horse this Day close to the fort of
Colla Glindeau, and Immel seeing another
Savage stealing the Way of him suspected
some thing wrong, made up to him, and
found the running Mare of Mr M. L. thus
were two more horses rescued their report
was that they had found no horses nor Langue
de Buche, he himself was gone to the Cha-
jennes probably to trade them away for Meat.

Thursday the 28th Mr Manuel L. and 12 Men
went to the Camp of Langue de Buche, to
demand the horses, on their arrival they took
possession of the Indian fort and made some
shan prissoners, they did not find the horses
and were told they the horses were out hunt-
ing, the Indians began to make overtures and
begged, promised to return the horses to fort.
*Mr Manuel pitied them and left one Men
to receive the horses, who returned in the
Evening (Mr M. & party arriving at noon)
with only one horse which belonged to Jes-
saume, the other not given up, this Day fine
clear and cold weather.

[1813] 117

Friday the 29th, cloudy in the Morning, cold
and Snow Squalls, last night Laderoute and
his girl deserted through one of the port
holes in the Bastion Garrow went to the Vil-
lage to see how the Rees were situated, he
returned late at night and told the Goshe
and his Band wished to come and live at the
point above us if we would sent horses to
carry their Luggage, Indians and hunters went
out to Day but Killed nothing.

Saturday the 3Oth clear but very cold, the
hunters went out again but returned the
weather being to severe.

Sunday the 3ist, moderate and clear, Immel,
Sanguinette and four Men with 20 horses
started for the Village, to bring the Rees this
Day our hunters Killed 4 Cows.

Monday the ist of Febry, clear and fine mod-
erate weather, in the afternoon Immel and
party with Goshe* and 4 Lodges of his Band
arrived, but instead of camping at point took
their Lodgings in the fort, hunters were out
again to Day and Killed 3 Cows and 2 Deer.

Thuesday the 2d, fine weather, nothing re-
markable.

Wednesday the 3d the same, the Rees went out
hunting and in the absence of the Men the
Women began to quarrel among themselves,
and left the fort sack and pack, there being
5 Lodges of wood at the point they went
there, but returned about 10 oclock in the
night, being afraid of the Sioux, three Indians

"8 [1813]

came to fort with 4 Cows, the remaining
camped out.

Thursday the 4th fine weather and warm, the 2
stolen horses were brought in, Goshe* and his
hunting party returned they had Killed 7
Cows. At 4 P. M. 12 Soldiers of the Band of
Goshe* arrived, thawed very much and plenty
water on the Ice.

friday the 5th, clear and moderate, the Men
which came yesterday belonging to Coshers
Band went off again to the Village to bring
their families, at noon became cloudy and
heavy Squalls towards evening a young men
of the Bigbellies of which we had two fam-
ilies in the fort went out hunting on foot for
some deer or Elk, and about 8 oclock P. M.
we heard the Cry to Arms and two guns fired
at the same time which proved to be out of
the fort, opening the Door of the fort we found
the above Young Men breathing his last, we
found him shot in the Belly and Breast his
hunt laid a little ways off, he had Killed an
Elk and brought only the Calf, a favorite
Dish with the Indians we expected a Return
and Kept Guards, the Sioux were perpretators
of this Act, he died I hour after, blew a hard
gale all night

Saturday the 6th the wind continuing blowing
very hard found 2 Arrows in the fort which
had been thrown through the Crevices of the
Pickets, the Arrows found were of the Sioux
Nation, and had been leavelled perhaps at
some of us, a singular Circumstance happened

[1813] 119

the Day before with the same young fellow
who was Killed, he quarrelled with a Women
the wife of a Mandan in the fort, and was
going to Kill her, when her husband who was
absent at the time of the quarrel, arrived and
being informed what had passed, went to him
if you want to fight, do it with Men and not
women come out and measure your Bow with
mine but proved coward, next Day he met
his fate, at 2 P. M. our hunters brought in
5 Cows & 2 Calfs, a fine afternoon, late at
Evening Le Gross arrived at the fort from
the Chajennes, he reported they made plenty
Robes, and would come to trade in the Spring.

Sunday the yth disagreable and snowing, Immel,
Sanguinette, Glineau and Lange went with
8 horses to the Mandans to fetch the Peltries
traded with that Nation, Legross went with
all the Bravos which were in the fort amount-
ing to 26 to the Village, I made a Census of
Indians remaining in the fort and found 65

souls left most Women and Children

in the afternoon 2 more Lodges arrived, fine
afternoon.

Monday the 8 fine clear weather nothing re-
markable.

Thuesday the 9th the same the same.

Wednesday the 10 the same but hard wind
Killed i Elk.

Thursday the nth cloudy and hard winds,
cleared up in the afternoon, at 9 o'clock in
the Evening we heard several guns firing, and

i2o [1813]

directly afterwards 3 Rees young men ar-
rived, who had run away from a fray which
they had with the Sioux, they reported that
4 of them were Killed, all Indians in the fort
in uproar we watched all night, but nothing
occured.

Friday the 12, clear and cold, the refugees re-
ported last evening that a Son of Goshe*, with
2 young Men and i Women was Killed, Goshe*
started, Mr Manuel L. gave him a Blanket %
lb Vermillion and 30 Loads of Powder Ball
to cover the Corps as customary with the
Indians, at 10 A. M. the party returned they
had found but 2 Corps I Men and I Women,
a Child which the Women had was taken
prisoner and the son of Goshe* had found
blind as he is the way in the woods to hid
himself, they found him laying among the
Brushes, when he heard himself discovered,
cried out who is there and finding his friends
was rejoiced Goshe* gave him the Blankett
etc and sent him off in the afternoon 10 Cha-
jenne Chiefs arrived and about 150 Rees to
go to the Chajennes for Meat.

Saturday the I3th t the Chajenne Chief went
away seemingly satisfied and the Rees with
them Mr Manuel Lisa gave 5 Carrots 4 Twist
Tobacco 3 lb Powder and 6 lb Balls as a
Present, at 2 P. M. Immel and his party re-
turned from the Mandans with Peltries at 4
P. M. about 50 or 60 Rees arrived from the
Village with Plume D'aigle to bury as they

[1813]

said their slain brethren fine weather and
moderate.

Sunday the I4th, cloudy and snow squalls, the
Rees went off.

Monday the 15, cloudy and cold, the Rees re-
turned from the Chajennes.

Thuesday the i6th clear and cold, all the
Rees which had hitherto staid in the fort
went off to their Village being advised by
the Chajennes to leave the fort, only 5 Women
and 2 Girls remaining, cloudy evening.

Wednesday, the 17 cloudy and hard winds
nothing to remark.

Thursday the 18, clear and very cold, Killed
2 Deer.

f rid ay the 19 ditto ditto nothing to remark.

Saturday the 20 cloudy and cold, in afternoon
Snow Squalls our Sow brought 17 Dead Pigs,
a great loss.

Sunday the 21 clear and cold, this day is the
coldest we have had this winter, at 12 oclock
this Day Charbonneau and I Engagee arrived
from the Bigbellies, himself and Woahl had
traded out of 492 Plus only 168, the Chief
named Borne was thrown off by the Nation
only 5 Lodges remaining with him, and had a
seperateVillage, he persuaded Charbonneau to
come with some Powder & a to his Village to
trade, he went and took 25 Ib Powder and 50
Ib Ball of which he was robbed off when Char-

122 [1813]

bonneau was informed by the Chief Cheveux
de Loup who [was] first Chief among them that
4 or 5 Days after his Arrival from hence in
December last, 2 Men from the N. W. Com-
pany had been with them, they came under
pretext to trade dressd Buffaloe Skins, and
made some Presents to the Chiefs, and began
to harangue against the american traders,
told them we would give them nothing, but
a little powder, and that they the N. W.
Company would furnish them with every
thing without Pay if they would go to war,
and rob and Kill the Americans, this had the
desired effect on Borne, and he made several
Speeches to the Nation to that purpose, but
being disgraced and not liked he retired with-
out Success, though himself fulfilled his prom-
ise to rob, but was afraight to Kill, thus are
those Bloodhounds the British constantly em-
ployed and do every thing in their Power to
annoy and destroy the Americans and their
trade, they have nothing to fear on Account
and in Respect of our Government, all though
in our territories, and in fact our Government
does not care to meddle with them, nor how
many Citizens are sacrificed by the British
influence with the Indians, if there was a fort
at the River St Peters 163 as was promised by

l88 Eight years farther along the United States Government did ful-
fill its promise. In 1820 the 5th United States Infantry, under the
command of Col. Henry Leavenworth, was sent to establish a military
fort at the mouth of the St. Peter's River (now called the Minnesota).
The cantonment was first called Fort Anthony, but was later officially
given the name of Fort Snelling. The object of this military expedi-
tion was the protection of the northwestern frontiers against ^ Indian
attacks, and to check the influence of the British traders with the

[1813] 123

Liet Pike 164 and another in these Parts of
the Missouri, it would do infinitively good to
hunters and traders, and bring great wealth
to the States, but this is out of question,
they have a strong Garrison at Bellefontaine,
and* that is enough, the soldiers parade, eat
and drink and spent their time in Idleness,
is there any necessity to keep so many idle
fellows in a settled Country, they do not even
prevent and cannot protect our Settlers about
80 or 90 Miles above, and we have seen out-
rages committed by the Indians, horrid to re-
late, there was after the Sheep were destroyed
by the Wolves, a small Garrison errected on
Salt River, Mississippi 165 which will do more
good than all Bellefontaine, and if one was to

Indians. The movement had a stimulating effect and the fur trade
was considerably extended. (See Journal of S. W. Kearny in Mis-
souri Historical Society Collections, Vol. 3, p. 8.)

l64 Zebulon M. Pike was born in Lamberton, New Jersey, January 5,
1779. After the purchase of the Louisiana Territory, Pike, who was
then a lieutenant in the United States Army, was placed in command
of an expedition sent to trace the Mississippi River to its source. In
1806-1807 he was engaged in geographical explorations in the Louisi-
ana Territory, and while on this expedition he discovered "Pike's
Peak" in the Rocky Mountains. When he reached the Rio Grande
he was taken by the Mexicans to Santa Fe and later to Chihuahua,
from whence he returned home. After his return to the United States
he was given the rank of major, and a few years later he published
a narrative of his two expeditions. He received his appointment as
brigadier-general March 12, 1813, and on April 27 of that year was
killed by the explosion of the magazine at York (now Toronto), Canada .
Pike County, Missouri, was named in his honor.

W6 During the winter of 1811-1812, the settlements on the Salt River
and in the Boone district were kept in constant terror by the Indians.
Murders were frequent and the settlers suffered all the dreadful effects
of Indian warfare. By command of Gov. Benjamin Howard a small
fort was erected, early in 1812, on the Mississippi River about fifteen
miles above the mouth of the Salt River, not far from the present site
of Hannibal, Missouri. It was garrisoned by a body of regular troops
detached from Fort Bellefontaine, under the command of Lieut. John
Mason, in whose honor it was called Fort Mason.

I2 4

be erected about 500 Leagues up the Missouri
it would be very good to Keep the Indians
in their Bounds, Provisions are plenty and the
other necessaries could be sent by the traders,
but it has been frequently the Case, and has
been said our Citizens have no Business to go
among the Indians to trade but the profits
thereof are not considered, and this Branch of
Business will never succeed if not protected by
Government, to seat of the British Traders.
When Charbonneau passed the Chajennes
which are above us about 4 Leagues, 166 they
warned him to be cautious and take care of
his Life, that they had discovered 27 Men
lurking about, supposing to be the Saunies
Sioux, he arrived however without accident.

Monday the 22d fine weather and cold some
Buffaloe in Sight, 7 Men went across the
River to hunt, and returned about noon, hav-
ing Killed but i Cow 2 Bulls the weather be-
ing to cold, to pursue the Buffaloe, at I oclock
45 Mi. P. M. we were alarmed by the Cry
to Arms, Archambeau 167 is Killed, and by sort-
ing found us surrounded by Indians on all
Sides, out the reach of our Guns, Archambeau
was hawling hay with a Sleigh from the other
Side, and just on coming on the River he
was shot and Killed Immediatly he was a

distance would bring the Cheyennes' camp about the present
Fort Yates, North Dakota.

167 Lpuis Archambeau. Probably one of the Canadian family of that
name living in Florissant, Missouri, in early days. There are descend-
ants of that family still living in St. Louis County, but I have been un-
able to learn anything about Louis, or identify him with the several
of that name in Tanguay's Dictionnaire.

[1813] 125

very good Men and had been 6 years on the
Missouri, we put ourselves immediatly in De-
fence, and placed two swivels on the Bank
of the River, but unfortunaly our Balls did
not reach across, and those on this Side Kept
out of Reach of our fire, and dare not come
to an open Attack, their Numbers was be-
tween 4 a 500, they took the Scalp and cut
him nearly to pieces, they marched off about
4 oclock, leaving us to lament the Death of
fellow Citizen unrevenged, a party of our
Men went across to bring the Corps which
they found terrible mangled, they brought
29 Arrows which were sticking in his body
and a good many more had been brocken to
pieces, his Head Broken the Brains scattered
about his nose and ears cut off, his teeth
Knocked out, and more terrible Deeds which
I will not express with my Pen. We mustered
in the Evening and found ourselves 26 Men
strong, selected Guards for to night, divided
in 5 Watches, 4 Men in each and 2 in each
Bastion, gave the Boys a Dram and every
one was in Readiness for defence to the last
Moment our situation in general is not very
pleasing at this time menaced by the Sioux,
below, and we dare not trust too much to
Chajennes above, they have made a vast
quantity of Robes and wish to augment the
trade we are told and they shewed a Horn
which they made which holds 40 Loads of
Powder, instead of giving 20 Load for a Plus, 168

168 Every skin had an established value, with which all traders were
acquainted. A first-class beaver skin, worth in the neighborhood of six
dollars, was called a ''plus."

126

I hope we will have no Row with them as to
the Rees we fear nothing, they are a sett of
lying and good for nothing fellows.

Thuesday the 23d passed a quiet night, and our
Guards saw nothing, after Breakfast Immel
and four Men went out reconnoitring on swift
horses, returned at noon and reported they
had found the tracks of the war party and
judged by the Size of the Road they had made
to have been about 400, the Road went right
across the Hills and the party which was sta-
tioned above the fort say about 60 had met
them at right angles, about 2 Miles west of
the fort, we interred the Remains of our poor
fellow Citizen Archambeau, and guarded in
the afternoon saw some Buffaloe chased on
the other Side, supposed by the same Party,
we also saw Dogs on the Ice which returned
to the Woods at the point above us, and
made us certain there was some hid in the
Woods, as also by a track which we found,
descending the Coast on our Side I Mile be-
low the fort, set guard for the Night had a
fine Day but cold and cloudy evening.

Wednesday the 24th passed a tranquil night,
but saw some running fires, the Signal of In-
dians after Battle, 3 Men went to Langue
de Buche's Camp to hear of their Situation
a fine Day but cold, set all our Dogs out of
fort for guard.

Thursday the 25th passed a quiet night, I guard-
ed till 4 oclock in the morning the 3 Men

[1813] 127

went out yesterday did not Return, Dogs out
guarding, dark and cloudy evening.

Friday the 26th snowed last night and this
Morning we are constant watching in our
careful Situation, we hear and see nobody
from all around us, and are like Prisoners in
Deserts to expect every moment our fate.

At 3 oclock P. M. our 3 Men returned with
Machecou, the whites and Indians who camp
above us had heard nothing of the fracas
which had happened, the Chajennes had the
next Day after the affair, 24 horses stolen by
the Sioux, undoubtedly the same party who
attacked us there Scheme was to plunder the
fort, expecting that we would divide and a
party would run across the River to rescue the
Man which was Killed, and then come be-
tween us and plunder and Kill those in the
fort, cleared up towards evening and cold.

Saturday the 27th passed another tranquil Night
cloudy at Sunrise, cleared up at 8 A. M. cold
weather.

Sunday the 28, Snowed last night and this
Morning the most which has fell this Winter
about 4 Inches deep, cleared up in the after-
noon with cold weather, nothing remarkable
these 2 Days past.

Monday the ist of March, 1813, clear and cold,
after dinner Charbonneau and Leclair 169 set
off for their Stations at the Bigbellies took

169 Joseph Leclaire, or Leclair. There were several Leclaires in St.
Louis about this time, one of whom was a free mulatto.

128 [1813]

some Powder and Ball to compleat his Equip-
ment, they were escorted by 5 of our Men,
untill he would be out of Danger, at Sunset
it began to Snow.

Thuesday the 2d a vast deal of snow had fell
last night, but was clear and cold in the
Morning, cloudy afternoon, at 2 P. M. 7
Men and 2 Women of the Rees arrived at
the fort, the first which made their appear-
ance since Goshe* left us, 4 Men i Women
went to Langue de Buche the others remained.

Wednesday the 3d, clear and cold, the Indians
which arrived yesterday said that the upper
Village of the Rees would come this Day to
trade, which however proved to be a lie, at
noon 7 Rees arrived from above, as also our
party which had escorted Charbonneau, with
Latour, Machecou, Duroche and Laderoute, 2
Squaws and 3 Children, a party of Men went
over the River to cut firewood, had a fine
warm Day and cloudy evening.

Thursday the 4th last night about 3 inches of
snow had fell cloudy and cold Morning, in
the afternoon 4 Mandans arrived from their
village on their way to the Rees, no news.

friday the 5th Snowstorm last night and con-
tinued snowing all this Day, the Mandans
pursued their Route.

Appendix 129

APPENDIX.

LETTERS FROM CHRISTIAN WILT TO JOHN C. LUTTIG
AND JAMES C. MOORE

St. Louis, June I, 1815.
Mr. John C. Luttig (Per A. Pourcelli),

Dear Sir:

I received your favors by Antoine on the 27th April and should have
sent him sooner, had we not been making useless searches for the black
Mare in the prairies, the sorrel & Rone I sold since, the former for
$35. and the latter for $30. which does not pay their keeping nor amf-
I yet paid for them. I would therefore advise no more horse specula-
tions annex your Invoice of sundries Antoine has with him on the
Mare had I the remaining articles you sent for, would have sent you
them but not having them (nor the money to buy them with) pre-
vents my so doing. I conceive this manner of transportation a very
unprofitable one have paid Antoine $75.17 for wages at $25. per month,
which eats up the profit on such small Invoices would it not be less
expensive to send goods down the Mississippi to Cape Girardeau &
let your wagons make a back load of them when you send a load of Fur?
I am of opinion it would be cheaper than to send them in a boat &
certainly more expediting & less dangerous. I have accepted your order
in favor of McMines for $364.22 which I am obliged to let lie unpaid
for want of funds. I must in future protest against your drawing on
me in this way. I am yet considerably out in this store & my other
branches of business requiring all the funds I can raise. I expect some
few goods by the time you come here with the mulatto girl you have
bought, for which purpose I enclose you the $430. which I have found
difficult raising the sooner you send her back the better, I am much
in want of a girl. I have been pestered to get somebody to pay the
freight of peltries sent to Louisville, it might be best to send them here.
I fear venison Hams will not bring much in Louisville. I have not
yet received the Tallow & buffalo meat were [where] venturing is
done judiciously it is sometimes commendable, but when you have to
pay cash it disappoints me consider my Dear Luttig was any accident
to befall you what would be my losses, were you to have the business
scattered. I hope and expect considerable remittances from you shortly,
recollect they are long due by promise. I can say little about your

130 Appendix

land speculations but hope your payments have been in goods on which
you have laid a good profit. James Kennerly does not think much
of that country you should rent all your lands out, tis bad policy
to let them lie idle 'the Governor tells me you cannot get a lease with-
out the land is surveyed for a lead mine 'the piece of mineral you sent
me by Antoine is of an excellent quality, but who is this Colonel in
whose name you want the lease. I don't like partners with whom I
am not acquainted & advise you to be careful of strangers Tar will
not bring here more than 50 cts per gallon by the barrel, which will
not pay the transportation. I am afraid your Buffaloes will cost a
good [deal] by the time they get here, if your fish are the real Trout
& you can put them up to keep, they would answer -better send only
one barrel the first time to try them, hope the girl will prove a good
one, she is certainly cheap may be she is stolen property Racoon
from your country will not bring 62^c in Kentucky, it is only those
from the Illinois, one of which is worth two of yours I am not disposed
to buy Racoon nor have I the money may your blacksmith earn his
wa g es if y OU can buy a cheap Boy for trade as cheap as the Girl do
so, of about the same age. I cannot send you tumblers, they would
inevitably get broken, the Summons & Executions I send you I am
glad you sold the Race Mare & should be more so were my manors
to yield the income of some such as there is in England Paston has
been away & has paid nothing, he is expected shortly Solomon has
not paid the Note & has sold his Horse I send in addition to the
other articles a coat & pantaloons, some expect your wedding ones
Good assortment of Goods are very scarce here, one or two old Ken-
tucky shopkeepers have come on here Beef must necessarily come so
high with you before it is barreled up, that it could not be afforded
so low as from Kentucky, from where immense numbers of Boats have
gone to Orleans this Spring which will overstock it I should prefer
those fellows of yours, loading you with Bank notes than their willing-
ness to accompany you through the lower regions I send you Levantine
silk which is much better & handsomer than changeable you should
get #4 the yard for it if you have nothing for Antoine to do, is it not
better to discharge him?

Remain with esteem

Yours to serve,

C.W.

Appendix 131

St. Louis, July 26, 1815.
Mr. John C. Luttig,

Dear Sir:

I have reed, your favor of 3rd inst. brought I suppose by Smith
who I have not seen yours by Ferguson of the 2nd Inst I also re-
ceived I fear those settlements will prevent your friend making re-
mittances without which I cannot think of sending you further supplies.
The things you sent by Duncan I fear are lost, he arrived at Louisville
about two weeks before Cromwell who had money to pay his freight,
not finding any person there to pay him the freight he offered the ar-
ticles for sale but could not sell & continued on this Cromwell wrote
me from Louisville he could hear nothing of him up the River, although
he made inquiries I have since heard that Duncan sold the articles-
at Vendue for little or nothing Racoon for about 6 cents I know not
as to the truth of it. Duncan left no Tallow at the mouth of Ohio-
for me nor anything else I cannot agree to your purchasing settle-
ment rights, it will require cash to purchase them afterwards & I can
do better with my funds by applying them to my business which is
suffering for want of them as you expect to be here soon, we may
make some arrangements for further supplies, I have not sufficient
dependence in Smith to send by him wish you to send the girl immedi-
ately if you do not come yourself you can send her by some careful
person having been somewhat indisposed of late, I have not called
on Dr. Simpson the person that is to take this letter is at Shope's, I
dont know who it is. Remain as ever

Yours to serve
CHRISTIAN WILT.

St. Louis, July 3Oth, 1815.
Mr. James Moore,

Dear Sir:

I have received your favor of July 20th by your son with sundry
books and papers announcing the death of John C. Luttig who had
my business in charge, so far as selling of goods and making me re-
mittances for them. His death to me is a considerable misfortune &
for your friendly intercession in taking care of the store &c. & in
advising me thereof accept my sincere thanks. I shall as soon as pos-
sible send a person to close the business & will thank you until that
person arrives to request A. Pourcelli to remain there none of the goods

132 Appendix

must be allowed to be taken until said person arrives. Any future
services you may render me in the business will be remembered by me.
In haste Remain very respectfully

your most obedient servant,
CHRISTIAN WILT.

SAKAKAWEA

SAKAKAWEA (or Sacajawea,as she is better known), the Snake squaw
of Charbonneau, the guide and interpreter for Lewis and Clark, has
been idealized by artist and sculptor, by poet, fiction writer, and his-
torian. Some writers have claimed that without her guidance and
assistance the expedition of Lewis and Clark would have failed; and
still others have said that her importance has been exaggerated, and
that she was of no particular assistance, except to perform feminine
duties, such as the mending of the moccasins. Choose what accounts
we may, it will be agreed by all that the mention of this expedition
immediately brings to mind the part which this lone woman played.
The leaders of that expedition have indicated that no member of the
party gave more effective service, and she seems to have been the
direct means on several occasions of overcoming seemingly insurmount-
able obstacles. Her sacrifices were many, and they seem quite pathetic
when one considers that she was but a child in years.

It would be superfluous to tell the story of her early life, her capture
by the Grosventre Indians, when she was about ten years old, the
barter to Charbonneau and her subsequent marriage to him; or to
recount in detail the part she took in that famous expedition everyone
is familiar with it. The question here is, What are the points of contrast
between this journal and the various biographies of this conspicuous
woman of the Indians?

It may be interesting first to note that there has been much dis-
cussion and argument as to the spelling and proper pronunciation of
her name. I am choosing the version of Dr. Washington Matthews,
a recognized authority on the ethnology and philology of the Hidatsa
Indians, he having published a grammar and dictionary thereof; and of
Rev. C. L. Hall, who lived among this tribe for thirty years.

According to Rev. C. L. Hall, Sacajawea, the form which has been
so generally used, is a Shoshoni word, meaning "Boat-launcher." His
theory is that "while her captors gave her a name which may have

Appendix 133

been a translation of her Shoshoni name, it is more likely to have been
entirely different. A stranger coming among the Grosventre tribe, or
any tribe of Indians that I know, received at once a name such as
may suit their fancy." He therefore concludes that the name is prop-
erly Sakakawea, which in the Hidatsa language of the Grosventre is
"Bird Woman." She has always been referred to as the Bird Woman,
and not as the Boat-launcher, as Sacajawea is interpreted.

The journal here published differs from other accounts as to the time
of her death. It describes the wife of Charbonneau, a Snake squaw,
as having died December 20, 1812. Charbonneau probably had two
Snake wives, as "two squaw prisoners from the Rock Mountains and
purchased by Charbonneau" visited the winter camp of Lewis and
Clark at the Mandan village. One, of course, was the Bird Woman,
and James Schultz says that the name of the other was Otter Woman,
and that she died shortly after the return of the expedition.

Brackenridge, in his journal of a voyage up the Missouri in 1811,
tells us that he met "a Frenchman named Charbonet and his Indian
wife, who had accompanied Lewis and Clark to the Pacific. The
woman, a good creature, of a mild and gentle disposition, greatly at-
tached to the whites, whose manners and dress she tries to imitate,
but she had become sickly and longed to revisit her native country;
her husband also, who had spent many years amongst the Indians, was
become weary of a civilized life."

Several times, we are informed by the journals of Lewis and Clark,
Sakakawea was dangerously ill. It is not unlikely that the hardships
this frail child-woman endured following her capture, and again on that
long journey to the Far West, shortened her life, and on that "clear
and moderate Sunday," December 2Oth, 1812, she died, leaving a fine
infant girl, called Lizette, as well as the boy Toussaint. Luttig, in
his laconic way, says she was a good woman the best in the Fort.
A characterization given her by all historians.

Luttig, who seems to have had nothing but contempt for Char-
bonneau, brought the infant girl down to St. Louis in June, 1813, and
possibly Toussaint also, although the latter may have been left at
St. Louis in 1811, when Charbonneau and the Bird Woman returned
to the Mandan village. On the nth day of August, 1813, Luttig
applied to the Orphans' Court at St. Louis for appointment as guardian
of the infant children of Toussaint Charbonneau, deceased; namely,
Toussaint, a boy about ten years old, and a girl, Lizette, about one

134 Appendix

year old. Whether he ever served as such there is no record, for the
one entry in the Court's minutes shows that the name John C. Luttig
was crossed out and William Clark substituted. (See facsimile of court
record.) My conjecture is that Luttig, knowing the fondness of Gov.
Clark for Charbonneau and his family, brought one or both of the
children to St. Louis after the death of Sakakawea and the disappear-
ance of Charbonneau. Upon his arrival in St. Louis, Clark was absent
from the town, so Luttig made application for guardianship. Gov.
Clark would have come closer to Toussaint's age in making the ap-
plication, wherein Luttig missed it about two years.

Sakakawea is known to have had a boy by Charbonneau, about
eight years of age at this time, and it is also known that she would
have been approximately twenty-five years of age in 1812, when Luttig
recorded the death of the Snake squaw of Charbonneau. This and
other things point to Sakakawea as the Indian wife referred to. In
passing it should be recalled that Charbonneau was, in fact, not dead
at that time.

In Gov. Clark's letter of August 20, 1806, he clearly mentions two
boys, children oi Charbonneau. One he refers to as "your little son
(my boy Pomp)" and the other he calls "my little dancing boy Ba-
tiest." The dancing boy was too old to be the child of Sakakawea
whose birthday has been established. Therefore Baptiste and Tous-
saint are not one and the same individual. Jean Baptiste Charbonneau
was most likely the Baptiste mentioned in this letter and the son of
Charbonneau by one of his other wives, who with her child was at the
Mandan Fort in the winter of 1804-1805. The accounts of Clark, as
Superintendent of Indian Affairs, for 1820, show that tuition was paid
that year to J. E. Welch for one J. B. Charbonneau, and to Francis
Neil for one ToussaSnt Charbonneau, in each case designated as half-
Indian boys. Rev. Mr. Welch was a Baptist minister who boarded
and educated Indians and half-Indians, while Rev. Mr. Neil, a Catholic
priest, conducted a school for boys, which was the predecessor of the
St. Louis University. This Toussaint was unquestionably not the
interpreter, as one author has suggested.

Almost every traveller and trader, clerk and bourgeois, who pub-
lished accounts of visits up the Missouri River, or wrote letters of the
events at the various trading-posts, after the Lewis and Clark expedi-
tion and up to 1839, mentioned Charbonneau. Surely, in view of the
important part taken by the Bird Woman in the exploration of the

Appendix 135

West, reference would have been made to her by some of them, if she
were living at the time.

Prior to the discovery of this journal, nothing was definitely known
of the whereabouts of the Bird Woman subsequent to 1811, when
Brackenridge met her. Although Hosmer quotes an old interpreter at
Fort Berthold to the effect that she and her husband perished in the
small-pox epidemic which was so fatal to the Mandan nation in 1837,
he questions the truth of the account.

These monuments and markers have been erected to the memory
of the Bird Woman:

Statue in bronze at Portland, Oregon, unveiled at the Portland
Exposition. It was erected with the contributions of the women of
the Northwest, and was designed by Alice Cooper. It marks the
western terminus of that eventful expedition.

Boulder with bronze tablet at Three Forks, erected by the Montana
Daughters of the American Revolution.

Monument with bronze tablet inserted at Armstead, Montana. It
was near this spot, at the Two Forks, or Jefferson Forks, as it is some-
times called, that the exploring party met members of Sakakawea's
own tribe, the Shoshoni, and from them secured horses necessary to
cross the Great Divide, without which they never would have been
able to complete the journey. This monument was also erected by
the Montana Daughters of the American Revolution.

Cement shaft erected in Wyoming over the grave of the woman
claimed by Dr. Hebard to have been Sakakawea.

The United States Geological Survey gave her name to the great
peak in the Bridger range, overlooking.the spot where she was captured,
and where she later pointed out the pass over the mountains.

Statue in bronze on the site of the old Mandan village, now Bis-
marck, marking the beginning of the great journey, erected by contri-
butions from the women and children of North Dakota.

There stood in the grounds of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition,
at St. Louis, a beautiful statue of Sakakawea, designed by Bruno Louis
Zimm, a photograph of which is reproduced in this book.

TOUSSAINT CHARBONNEAU

TOUSSAINT CHARBONNEAU was conspicuous as an interpreter in
the fur trade, and through his employment, from' 1819 to 1839, by
every United States Indian Agent and sub-agent of the Mandan and Up-

136 Appendix

per Missouri Indian tribes. His importance to the Government is shown
by the salaries allotted to him, which varied from $200 to $400 per an-
num, the latter sum equalling that paid to most of the sub-agents. That
he was faithful and competent is indicated by the long term of his em-
ployment by the Government. He was known to Lewis and Clark,
Prince Maximilian, Henry M. Brackenridge, John Bradbury, Generals
Henry Atkinson, and Stephen W. Kearny, from all of whom we have
accounts of him, and to every fur trader and traveller of the early days
in the Upper Missouri regions.

The prominent incident in the life of Charbonneau is his purchase
of an Indian girl, about ten years old, to be his slave. Later he mar-
ried her, and as his wife she became famous as a faithful and efficient
guide of the Lewis and Clark expedition. Her name was Sakakawea,
and she was otherwise known as the Bird Woman, about whom much
has been written, and to whose memory monuments have been builded.

Charbonneau was born in Canada about 1759, of French lineage.
Both his given and surname are very common among the French of
Canada. The record of his first employment reveals him as a trader
with the Northwest Company at Pine Fort on the Assiniboine, in the
year 1793-94. Two years later he was with the Minnetarees at their
central village on the Knife River, called Metaharta. Lewis and Clark
found him at this place in the winter of 1804-05. The previous year
he was in charge of Fort Pembina with Alexander Henry, from whom
we get the earliest mention of him.

Prince Maximilian, in 1833, recorded the fact that Charbonneau
had lived among the Mandan Indians for thirty-seven years, and gives
the various names by which he was known to the Indians, which he
interprets from the Indian languages as follows: "Chief of the little
village"; "The man who possesses many gourds"; "The great horse
from abroad"; "The forest bear."

An editor of the journals of Lewis and Clark speaks in very un-
complimentary terms of Charbonneau, using this language: "After
reading the pages of Lewis and Clark's journals, one has little respect
for Charbonneau's qualities, either mental or moral. It is to be re-
gretted that Maximilian relied so much upon the testimony of this
interpreter in his account of the Mandan and Minnetaree Indians."

Indeed, Capt. Lewis, in his report, says of him that he was "a man
of no peculiar merit, was useful as an interpreter only, in which ca-
pacity he discharged his duties with good faith." As he was employed
only as an interpreter, this record of having discharged his duties with

Appendix 137

good faith would seem a pretty fair recommendation; but more than
this, we have the letter of Gen. Clark, written to Charbonneau of
August 20, 1806. In this he says, among other things: "Your present
situation with the Indians gives me some concern. I wish now that
I had advised you to come on with me to Illinois, where it most prob-
ably would be in my power to put you in some way to do something
for yourself. * * * You have been a long time with me,
and have conducted yourself in such a manner as to gain my friendship."
Luttig, in his journal, twice speaks of Charbonneau in a rather
disparaging manner in connection with certain incidents, indicating in
one place that he had been guilty of exaggeration and cowardice, and
in another that he gave wild accounts calculated to excite fear among
the engages. Here he also includes another interpreter, named Jus-
seaume, and says that both "ought to be hung." Other incidents, how-
ever, mentioned in the journal, indicate a reliance placed upon Char-
bonneau, and also show that he was not a coward. It may be that
Luttig shared that common suspicion which men on these expeditions
had for interpreters, who were on friendly terms with the Indians and
spoke in a language which could not be understood by the trappers.
His winning ways were evidently not understood by his critics. Wil-
liam Laidlaw, in a letter to James Kipp, dated Fort Pierre, January
14, 1834, says: "I am much surprised at your taking old Charbonne"au
into favor after showing so much ingratitude upon all occasions. The
old knave, what does he say for himself?"

Charbonneau had many friends among the traders, Indian agents
and travellers of the West. In letter-books and manuscripts to be
found among the archives of the Missouri Historical Society, as well as
in many of the published narratives of travellers, are many favor-
able references to him. Mr. O. L. Wheeler, author of The Trail
of Lewis and Clark, says he was a most picturesque and unique char-
acter, and a man of fairly commendable traits, considering his environ-
ment. Francois Antoine Larocque of the Northwest Company speaks
very favorably of him. Maximilian refers to Charbonneau in a com-
plimentary manner and gives him credit for much valuable information
on the Mandans and customs of the different tribes on the Upper
Missouri. To be sure, Maximilian has been criticized for placing too
much reliance on Charbonneau's accounts, but certainly one of the
incidents which he gives much attention to on the authority of Char-
bonneau is verified by Gen. Clark in his diary of 1826.

138 Appendix

From manuscripts and deeds recorded in St. Louis some disconnected
facts are reiterated in these notes, for whatever they may be worth*
in connection with Charbonneau's life: On March 26, 1811, Char-
bonneau conveyed to William Clark, for the consideration of $100.00,
a piece of land on the Missouri River, situated in St. Ferdinand Town-
ship, which land had been conveyed to him on October 30, 1810. This
instrument indicates that Charbonneau bought the land with a view
to settling down to civilized life, but, becoming weary of it, as Bracken"
ridge tells us, transferred his property to Clark and returned to the
Mandans. The witness to this deed was Francois Robidou, a mutual
friend of Gen. Clark and Charbonneau. In the manuscript collection
of Auguste Chouteau it is noted that Charbonneau purchased of him,
on March 23, 1811, fifty pounds of bequit (biscuit), the hard-tack of
those days.

American State Papers, Foreign Relations, Vol. 4, p. 210, show an
affidavit made by Charbonneau at St. Louis, on December 8, 1817,
concerning the imprisonment of American citizens in Mexico. In this
affidavit he states that he is of lawful age; that in the month of July,
1816, he engaged himself to Julius DeMun, of the firm of Auguste P-
Chouteau & Company, to go from St. Louis on a trading voyage along
the rivers Arkansas and Platte; that Chouteau & Company had agreed
to pay him for said voyage the sum of two hundred dollars; that he
stayed with the company from the month of July, the time of their
starting from St. Louis, until July in 1817. He signed the affidavit
with his mark.

In the unpublished journal of Gen. Henry Atkinson, of 1825, are
several references to Charbonneau; one to the effect that he (his name
is there spelled Shabano) and his wife and her brother were at the
Mandan village. This was not the Bird Woman, as she died in 1812,
and her brother, being a Shoshoni Indian, would not likely have been
among the Mandans.

Maj. Stephen Kearny, in his journal of August n, 1825, describes
Charbonneau Creek as having been named for a Frenchman who ac-
companied Lewis and Clark across the mountains, and whom he saw
at the Mandans, residing as a trader among them.

Capt. R. Holmes of the United States Army refers to "old Char-
boneau," whom he met in 1833, in a party of white men in the mount-
ains. He says that Charbonneau never carried arms, his knife being
his only weapon.

In a letter from Maj. D. D. Mitchell to W. N. Fulkerson, Indian

Appendix 139

Agent for the Mandans, dated June 10, 1836, reporting the details of
a battle between the Grosventres and Mandans of the little village
against the Yanktonai band of the Sioux, states that "old Charbono"
had a narrow escape, two balls having passed through his hat.

Much has been said about the meager compensation paid to Char-
bonneau by the Government for the services of his wife and himself.
From the report of Capt. Lewis we have the statement that he received
as compensation $25.00 per month while in service, which extended
from the time of the departure of the expedition from the Mandan
village on April 7, 1805, until he returned to that place in August,
1806. This item is often referred to, but no mention has ever been
made of the fact that Charbonneau received, in addition to the cash
compensation, the same bounty land grant of 320 acres given to the
other men who served as privates of that expedition.

Accounts heretofore published cover Charbonneau's career only to
the year 1838. There is in the Indian Department at Washington,
D. C., an interesting letter from Joshua Pilcher, Superintendent of
Indian Affairs, a copy of which is given in this Appendix. In this
letter, dated St. Louis, August 26, 1839, Charbonneau is pictured
as tottering under the infirmities of eighty years, without a dollar to
support him and seeking to collect his salary as interpreter for the
Mandan agency for the first and second quarters of that year. It
shows that an order had been made for his dismissal, and calls attention
to the fact that he served some time in ignorance of the order. It will
be remembered that the Mandan Indians had been almost entirely
wiped out by an epidemic of smallpox, and there was probably no longer
any special need for an interpreter at that agency.

A Toussaint Charbonneau of Carondelet, St. Louis County, made
entry of land in Richwoods Township, Washington County, Missouri,
in 1822, and settled on the land. This man has lately been confused
with the Charbonneau of Lewis and Clark fame, and many of his de-
scendants are erroneously under the impression that the interpreter
was their ancestor. The tombstone over the grave of Toussaint Char-
vonneau at Richwoods gives the date of his birth as of March I, 1781*
and his death as of February 19, 1866. Charbbnneau of the Lewis and
Clark expedition was connected with the Northwest Company in 1793*
when the Richwoods man was only twelve years old. There is a deed,
dated June 5, 1848, from Toussaint Charbonneau of Richwoods and his
wife, Marie L. Lavioiette, a French woman, recorded in St. Louis,

140 Appendix

which recites, among other things, that he was living in Washington
County, Missouri.

The children of Charbonneau and the Bird Woman, of whom we
have record, were Toussaint and Lizette. It is known that the former
was educated by the Catholic priest, Rev. F. Neil, in St. Louis. In
1830 there was a Charbonneau with a party of hunters and trappers
in Idaho, and Nathaniel Wyeth also mentions meeting a Charbonneau
(a half-breed) with Jim Bridger at Fort Bridger in August, 1832. Fre-
mont found one "Chabonard" camped about nine miles above the
mouth of Bijou Fork in July, 1842. Sage, in his Rocky Mountain Life
(Boston, 1857, p. 206), tells of meeting a half-breed fur trader named
Chabonard in 1841, upon the White River, and later, in 1842, on an
island in the Platte. Chabonard was in the employ of Bent & St.
Vrain, and in charge of the camp, and "proved to be a gentleman of
superior information." He had acquired a classic education and could
converse quite fluently in German, Spanish, French, and English, as
well as several Indian languages. His mind also was well stored with
choice reading and enriched by extensive travel and observation. This
may have been one of Charbonneau's sons. In Gov. Clark's expense
accounts for the half-Indian boys named Charbonneau there is listed t
one Roman history, Scott's Lessons, one dictionary, slate and pencils,
paper and quills. The daughter or granddaughter of Charbonneau is
mentioned by Lean Wolf, an old Hidatsa Indian, as having died in
1837 during the smallpox epidemic.

On April 23, 1843, there was baptized at Westport, Missouri, Vic-
toire Vertifeuille, the daughter of Joseph Vertifeuille and Elizabeth
Carboneau. Perhaps Elizabeth Carboneau was Lizette Charbonneau,
the daughter of Toussaint Charbonneau and Sakakawea.

LETTER FROM MAJOR JOSHUA PILCHER TO
COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS

Superintend.y of Indian Affs.

St. Louis, Augt. 26, 1839.
Sir:

On the 2 1st inst. Toussaint Charbonneau, the late Mandan Inter-
preter, arrived here from the Mandan villages, a distance of 1600 miles,
and came into the office, tottering under the infirmities of 80 winters,

Appendix 141

without a dollar to support him, to ask what appeared to me to be
nothing more than just, and I accordingly have paid his salary as
Interpreter for the Mandan sub-agency, for the ist & 2d quarters of
this year, with the understanding that his services are no longer re-
quired. This man has been a faithful servant of the Government
though in a humble capacity. He figured conspicuously in the expedi-
tion of Lewis and Clark to the Pacific, and rendered much service.
For the last fifteen years, he has been employed as the Government
interpreter at the Mandans, and never received notice of the intention
of the Department to dispense with his services, until some time in
July, in consequence of the remote situation of the post. Under these
circumstances I thought, and still think it but right that he should be
paid, and believe it will meet your sanction, to be charged, (as there
has been no allottment for that sub-agency), to the contingent ac-
count of the District.

I am,

Sir,

Your mo. ob. st.
JOSHUA PILCHER, Supr. In. Affs.

T. Hartley Crawford, Esq.,

Commr. Ind. Affs.
Indorsement:

O. I. A. Upp. Mo. Sat. Feb. 24,
Maj. Joshua Pilcher,

Saint Louis, Aug. 26, 1839.

Toussaint Charbonneau, late Mandan Interpreter, being 80 years
old & pennyless, has paid his salary for 1st & 2d qr. of '39 as the
notice of discontinuance did not reach him till some time in July.
Ought to be allowed.

Rev. Sept. 6, 1839.
File.

MANUEL LISA

MANUEL LISA, one of the most conspicuous of the Indian traders
and merchants in St. Louis, was born in Lower Louisiana about 1776*

I4 2 Appendix

and was the son of Cristobal de Lisa, a native of the town of Murcia,
Spain, and Maria Ignacia Rodriguez. In his early youth he was at-
tracted to the Indian trade and made several voyages from New Or-
leans to the Wabash. In 1799 he came to St. Louis and started in trade
with the Osage nation, of which he obtained a monopoly from the
Spanish Government. His premier voyage up the Missouri River was
in 1807 and from that time until his death he was the recognized leader
in the Missouri River trade. He was twice married to white women;
first to Mary Charles, and after her death in 1818 he married Mary
Hempstead Keeney, daughter of Stephen Hempstead. His only living
descendants are the children of his daughter Rosalie, whose mother
was an Omaha. He died in St. Louis, August 12, 1820, after a few
days' illness. His widow survived him fifty year, and died at Galena,
Illinois, September 3, 1869. For an extended biography of this fam-
ous character, see Douglas, Manuel Lisa, Missouri Historical Society
Collections, 3:233, 267.

TRANSLATION OF LETTER OF MANUEL LISA.

Fort Manuel, Sept. 8, 1812.
To the Spaniards of New Mexico:

My dear Sirs: Ever since my first journey among the forks of
the Missouri, nine hundred leagues from my domicile, I have desired
to find an opportunity to communicate with my [com]patriots, the
Spaniards. I have had hunters to the number of twenty-three who
have gone to the Arapaho nation. Last year they came to my Fort
Mandanne, where I equipped them anew to return to the place whence
they had come. They are the ones who informed me that the Span-
iards of Mexico were coming every year to trade with the Arapahos.
Therefore I gave to a certain Juan Baptista Champlin, an honorable
young man, and Juan Baptista Lafargue some goods for the purpose
of trading with you, admonishing them that it must not be to the
prejudice of the Government, nor contrary to its laws.

Since some of my hunters should come this year to meet me at this
establishment on the Missouri, and since up to the present I have not
had any news [of them], I have decided to send one of my trusted
servants, Don Carlos Sanguinet, with two engages, to let them know
where they should come out with their peltry; and for the same purpose,
with the same Sanguinet, I sent ten men to the Petite Corne, which

Appendix 143

empties into the Rio Amarillo, and this into the Missouri, the entry
of the Petite Corne being two hundred and twenty-five leagues from
this establishment, with orders to establish [a post at] that place, as
nearer for my hunters.

I have especially instructed Don Carlos Sanguinet to arrange that
this letter of mine should fall into the hands of some Spaniard who
may be worthy to communicate with me on those honorable principles,
and in no other manner, my desire being to engage in business and open
up a new commerce, which might easily be done. With this in view,
and as director of the Missouri Fur Company, I propose to you gen-
tlemen that if you wish to trade and deal with me, for whatever quantity
of goods it may be, I will obligate myself to fill each year any bill of
goods which shall be given me, and all shall be delivered (as stipulated)
both as to quality and as to quantity, at the place nearest and most
convenient for both parties, to your satisfaction, after we shall have
agreed on the chosen place.

In case any of you should wish to come with Don Carlos Sanguinet
to this my establishment to communicate and trade with me, you will
be received and treated with great pleasure and satisfaction, and as-
sured of a sufficient escort, agreeable to you, up to the time you return
to your country. I commend Don Carlos Sanguinet to you as a trust-
worthy and honorable man, and, if you are agreed, you may confide
in him without any fear whatever; and in case you do not come in
person, I shall be obliged to you if you will write to me. Meanwhile,
awaiting you, I beg God to spare you many years.

Your most attentive and faithful servant,

MANUEL LISA (Rubric).
Triplicate.

(The original of this letter is in the Archives of Chihuahua, and
published for the first time by Herbert E. Bolton in the Southwestern
Historical Quarterly, Vol. XVII., p. 61.)

MICHAEL E. IMMELL

MICHAEL E. IM-
MELL was one of
the bravest and
most resourceful

men in the fur trade. He was a native of Chambersburg, Pennsylvania,
but the year of his birth is unknown. He came to St. Louis in the

144 Appendix

early part of 1804, and later became a member of the First Infantry,
commanded by Col. Thomas Hunt. He was appointed ensign June
10, 1807, and on October 10, 1808, was promoted to second lieutenant;
two weeks later he resigned from the Army. He was stationed at
Fort Bellefontaine during most of his army service, although for a
short time, in 1808, he was in command of the small garrison at St. Louis.
In 1809 he went up the Missouri River with the Missouri Fur Company,
and soon became Lisa's most trusted lieutenant. There is no record
of his having returned to St. Louis after this departure. In 1810 he
joined fortunes with Jean Baptiste Valle as a free hunter on the Upper
Missouri. Immell was at Fort Osage in March, 1817, where he gave
a report of some petrified mammoth bones and cedar which he saw
at a "lake near the waters of Qui Courre River' '. This information was
afterwards published in the Missouri Gazette, April 12, 1817. When
Lisa was deprived of the control and management of the affairs of
Cabanne & Company on the Missouri River and its waters, in Febru-
ary, 1819, Michael E. Immell, who was at Fort Lisa, was appointed
to take command jointly with George Kennerly. While in command
later, with Robert Jones, of an expedition on the Yellowstone, he was
killed; being literally cut to pieces in battle with the Blackfeet, May
31, 1823. Major O'Fallon, United States Agent, in his report of this
conflict to Gen. Clark, July 3, 1823, speaks of Immell in these words:
"Immell has been a long time on this river, first as an officer in the
U. S. Army, since as a trader of some distinction. He was in some
respects an extraordinary man; he was brave, uncommonly large and
of great muscular strength, and, when timely apprised of danger, a
host in himself."

AMOS RICHARDSON came from Kentucky to Missouri before 1803
and settled in the District of St. Louis at a point which is now St.
John's Township of Franklin County. He was the fourth child of
Daniel and Nancy Richardson, who claimed land at Point Labadie, in
Franklin County. Amos Richardson was a Syndic under Gov. Delas-
sus, whose report of him states: "I think him a proper man for public
business, and since hia appointment he has always borne himself ear-

Appendix 145

nestly in all matters." He was in the employ of Sanguinet and Robi-
dou from 1804-1809, and later with Auguste Chouteau, as a trapper,
Bradbury, in his travels of 1809-1810, met Richardson at the Arikara
village in July, 1810, and he asked permission to travel down the river
with him to St. Louis. Four years without seeing a single white man's
house made him very eager to leave the Indian country. Then, too,,
he suffered great hardship, including a severe arrow wound, which gave
him considerable pain. During the descent of the river he told Brad-
bury that he would never again go back to the hunting life. Three
weeks after his arrival in the settlements, when Bradbury was ready
to make his trip up the Arkansas, Richardson asked to join him, When
Bradbury expressed surprise at so sudden a change in his intentions,
he replied: "I find so much deceit and selfishness among white men
that I have already tired of them. The arrowhead, which is not yet
extracted, pains me when I chop wood, whiskey I can't drink and
bread and salt I don't care about. I will go again among the Indians."
However, after his return from the Arkansas he went back to his home,
which was close to that of John Colter of Lewis and Clark fame. The
Colters and the Richardsons were very good friends, and upon the
death of Colter, Daniel Richardson was appointed administrator of the
estate. After the death of their father Daniel, Amos and his brother
Richard were appointed administrators to close up the estate of John
Colter. Amos Richardson married and was living in Franklin County
in 1835, tne l ast date f which we have any record of him. He, as
well as other members of his family, were prosperous farmers of Franklin
County, Missouri.

COLONEL ELI B. CLEMSON

ELI B. CLEMSON was a native of Pennsylvania and he entered the
United States Army from that State. His commission as second lieu-
tenant of the 1st Infantry was issued March 3, 1799, and first lieutenant
April 30, 1800; at these times he was stationed at Detroit. Lieutenant
Clemson was promoted to a captaincy March 4, 1807; major, January
20, 1813; lieutenant-colonel of the i6th Infantry, March 9, 1814; and
honorably discharged June 15, 1815. The following year he was ap-
pointed Commissioner of Issues at St. Louis, which post he resigned
December 1, 1819. In 1807 Captain Clemson was appointed, at the sug-
gestion of his friend Frederick Bates, justice of the peace for the town-

146 Appendix

ship of St. Ferdinand, District of St. Louis. Colonel Clemson was a
most capable man, and his interests and occupations covered many fields.

As commander of Fort Osage in 1808, Major Clemson mustered
into the United States service a body of militia to convoy the Mandan
chief on his return to the Mandan village. Fort Clemson, situated
near Loutre Island, St. Charles County, was erected and named in his
honor during the War of 1812. For a number of years prior to and after
the War of 1812 he was stationed at Fort Bellefontaine and invested
largely in St. Louis real estate, realizing therefrom a handsome profit.
In 1817 he purchased from Judge Lucas a block of ground covering
Olive, Locust, Sixth and Seventh Streets, on which he built a large
frame dwelling and lived there for some time. This block is now the
site of a combined department store and office building. In about
1820 he sold out his interests in St. Louis and went East. Returning
to the West in a few years, he located in Lebanon, St. Clair County,
Illinois, and for a time operated a line of stage and mail coaches be-
tween Vincennes and St. Louis. Later he went to Carlyle in that State
and embarked in the mercantile business. In 1832 he moved to Car-
rollton, Illinois, and again engaged in the transportation business be-
tween Springfield and St. Louis. A few years afterwards he took up
farming at Caledonia (now called Olmstead), Illinois, and served as
postmaster of that place. He was the projector of the town of Na-
poleon and agent for the Winnebago Land Company. His last occu-
pation was clerk of Pulaski County Court, which position he held at
the time of his death, June 25, 1846.

Colonel Clemson was twice married. First to Miss Ann Marie Oliver
of New Brunswick, New York, on April 9, 1811. Of this marriage
four children were born: Henry A., who was an officer in the United
States Navy and was lost during the siege of Vera Cruz in the Mexican
War when the United States brig Somers capsized; James Y.; Freder-
ick W.; and Mary C, who married Mr. Olden of Princeton, New
Jersey. Mrs. Clemson died in 1832, and Colonel Clemson afterwards
married Mrs. Esther Daniels Riddle, the widow of Captain James Riddle,
August II, 1836. Two children were born of this marriage: Aaron B.
and Theodosia B. The second Mrs. Clemson died in 1864. Colonel
Clemson's son James Y. married Henriette McDonald; from her was ob-
tained the data concerning the Colonel's career in Illinois.

Appendix 147

FRANCOIS ROBIDOU

FRANCOIS ROBIDOU, the third son of Joseph and Catherine (Rollet,
dit Laderoute) Robidou, was born in St. Louis, September 24, 1788.
He was married in 1807 to Therese Bienvenue Delisle, daughter of
Jean Baptiste and Cecile (La Rose) Delisle. Mrs. Robidou died in
1833, at which time six children, born of this marriage, were living:
Therese, Francois, Antoine, Jean Baptiste, Marie, and Cecile. Fran-
cois Robidou received a very good education, and was prominently
identified with the social and civic history of St. Louis. He was one of
the signers of the petition for incorporating St. Louis in 1809. Fran-
cois and his brother Joseph were closely associated together all their
lives. From an early date they made many trips up the Missouri
River as trappers and hunters, and later as free traders. When Joseph
was persuaded to remain in St. Louis and paid to cease his trade with
the Indians, the two brothers opened up a confectionery shop in St.
Louis. Their father had erected one of the first stone bake-ovens in
St. Louis, in order to supply the Indian trade, as well as the residents,
with bread. When they resumed their former occupation as Indian
traders, Joseph remained in the Black Snake Hills (now St. Joseph,
Missouri), while Francois went further up the Missouri River, or across
the plains to the mountains, to hunt and trap. After taking up their
residence at St. Joseph, Missouri, Francois seems to have become the
lesser light, and his deeds are not recorded in the history of that com-
munity. This was due probably to the fact that Joseph was the leader
and dictator, and Francois the follower, the hunter and trapper. I
find no record of a second marriage, nor of the death of Francois. His
great-nephew, Louis R. Robidoux of Kansas City, tells me that the
family tradition indicates that Francois died on the plains of Nebraska
on May 30, 1857. The Probate Court records of Buchanan County
show that letters of administration were taken out on the estate of one
Francois Robidoux on April n, 1856, and also that he died intestate,
leaving the following heirs t Mary Poulin, Sellico Robidoux, Louis

148 Appendix

Robidoux, Eugenia Angel, and Celina (Cecile) Lapere. While these
names do not altogether agree with those in the baptismal records at
St. Louis, nor in the deed of partition filed after the death of Mrs.
Francois Robidou. they do accord with records in St. Joseph. These
show that Therese Eugenia Robidoux married John Angel, an English-
man, in St. Joseph in 1846; that Cecile, widow of Mr. McDowell, mar-
ried Peter Le Pere in 1850; and Marie, as the Widow Brown, married
Isadore Poulin in 1854; in each entry Francois Robidou is given as
the father of the bride. The name Robidou is usually written with
an x, due no doubt to the fact that both Joseph and Francois frequently
gave a flourish to the final u which somewhat resembled an x. The
present generation spells it Robidoux.

LOUIS BISSONET

Louis BISSONET, dit Bijou, eldest son of Louis and Genevieve
(Routier) Bissonet, was born in St. Louis, August 5, 1774. When
twenty-five years old he was engaged by Auguste Chouteau to make
a voyage to Mackinac, and he continued in his employ until the or-
ganization of the St. Louis Missouri Fur Company. He became one
of the most trusted employees of that company and remained in its
service for many years. In May, 1820, he was in the employ of Pratte
and Vasquez, and encamped on the Missouri River at a place "about
one league below the old town of the Mahas nation." On May 22,
1820, the camp was suddenly attacked by a party of Indians, believed
to have been the Sauks. Bissonet, Baptiste Ticio, and Charles Le-
monde, dit La Malice, were severely wounded, and Louis Lecompte
was killed. To save their lives, Pratte, Vasquez, and their surviving
engages, leaving behind all their furs and peltries, horses and equip-
ment, were forced to take flight to Council Bluffs, where the United
States troops were stationed. In an affidavit made in St. Louis, July
6, 1820, and from which the above facts were ascertained, Bissonet
stated that he had for a great number of years followed the India n
trade, and was well acquainted with the habits, manners, and customs
of the Indians. In 1825, while in the employ of the French Fur Com-
pany, he was sent to accompany Gen. Atkinson and his party to treat
with the Mandans. He was chief clerk and trader at Fort Clark in
1830; clerk of the Upper Missouri Outfit of the American Fur Company
in 1831; chief trader of the French Company in 1833.

Appendix 149

Bijou Hills, South Dakota, close to the point where he had his
trading-post, were named for him. There was a Bissonet in the North-
west Company, one with Parkman in 1846, and Joseph Bissonet, a
brother of Louis, was an employee of the Missouri Fur Company in
1812-1813.

Louis Bissonet seems to have died in 1836, as his brother-in-law,
Paul Primeau, was appointed at St. Louis administrator of his estate
January 2. 1837. His heirs were Joseph Bissonet, brother, living at
that time in Mexico; Pelagic Primeau, his sister; Pierre and Elinore
Ladouceur, his nephew and niece.

CHARLES SANGUINET, Fils

CHARLES SANGUI-
NET, fils, was of a
family prominent in
Canada and in St.
Louis. He was the
son of Charles San-

guinet, who came to St. Louis from Quebec in the year 1775, and soon
became prominent in its social and business life. The elder Charles
was married to Marie Anne Cond6, the eldest daughter of Dr. Auguste
A. Cond6, St. Louis' first physician; he became a member of the Span-
ish Company of explorers and traders, and later was associated with
the various fur trading and commercial enterprises, in which he amassed
a fortune. Charles and Marie (Cond6) Sanguinet had three sons*
Charles, Simon, and Christopher, all of whom had some experience in
the mountains. Of them, Charles, known as "Sanguinet, fils" very
closely followed his father's example in his business methods, and,
while he had one or two reverses in business, managed to accumulate
a fortune. When Sanguinet, fils, was thirteen years of age, he was sent
to New Orleans to complete his education, after which he entered the
grocery business. In 1808 he returned to St. Louis and immediately
joined the Missouri Fur Company's expedition of that year. Sanguinet
made three trips to the mountains. After his return from the last trip
he engaged in the general mercantile business with his father, their
store being in the lower part of the Sanguinet house on the northeast
corner of Main and Elm Streets, and after the death of his father his

Appendix

brother-in-law, Captain Josiah Bright, joined with him. Their stock was
said to be the largest in St. Louis, but in 1821 the partnership was
dissolved. After a financial failure in 1827, Mr. Sanguinet moved to
Franklin, Missouri, where he remained a year or two. He went to the
Galena Mines to prospect for lead, in which venture he was very suc-
cessful, and after four or five years returned to St. Louis, where he
engaged in the real estate and banking business.

Mr. Sanguinet was a very prudent, industrious, and studious man
of a kind and gentle disposition. His daughter, Mrs. Virginia Nadeau,
aged ninety-two years (whose interest in things of to-day and clear
recollections of the past made my visits to her a source of delight)*
gave this account of him: "My father was very Napoleonic and de-
bonnaire. He always wore knee breeches, velvet coats, and lacey
jabots. He was small in stature, with blue eyes and brown hair, and
the most indulgent of fathers."

Mr. Sanguinet was married October 19, 1816, to Miss Cecilc Brazeau*
and their children, all of whom attained majority, were: Mary, Charles*
Marshall, Amanda, Virginia, and Fanny; many of the descendants oj
whom are still living in Missouri and Texas. Mr. Sanguinet lived on
his farm in St. Louis County until about two weeks before his death
which occurred in the ciy of St. Louis, April 10, 1873, at the age of
&inety-one years; the day of his birth being December 9, 1782. Some
time before his death he divided all his property among his children*

REUBEN LEWIS

REUBEN LEWI s
was born in Al-
bemarle Coun-
ty, Virginia,
February 14,

1777. He came to Missouri in 1807, with his brother, Meriwether
Lewis. Soon afterwards he was appointed, by his brother, sub-agent
of Indian Affairs, and as such signed a treaty with the Osages at Fort
Osage, November 10, 1808. He became a partner in the St. Louis
Missouri Fur Company and went up the Missouri River in 1809, where
he remained in command of one of the forts until 1812. After his return
in 1813, upon the rcommendation of General Clark, he was appointed

Appendix 151

Assistant Agent of Indian Affairs in Arkansas. In 1818 he was ap-
pointed Commissioner to run the survey line for the land given by
the United States to the Cherokee Nation, in exchange for land
ceded to the United States by the treaty of July 8, 1817; later he was
appointed in the same capacity, to lay off the Quapaw Reserve. He
did not, however, serve on either Commission; the first, for the reason
that the letter of instructions from the War Department miscarried
and, in the meantime, the work was done by General Rector under di-
rections from the general office; and the second, because of domestic
troubles intervening, as will be seen from the following letter of Mr*
Harper. This letter, dated Albemarle County, Virginia, May 12, 1819,
was addressed to Reuben Lewis, Agent for Cherokees on the Arkansas*
and contained, among other things, the following:

"Our neigborhood has been severely afflicted for some months past,
among which your mother's family have had a large share, owing to
the Doctor's [probably his half-brother, Dr. John Marks] situation;
which has become to appearances hopeless; his insanity has assumed
a dangerous appearance so that it has been found necessary to confine
him. * * * You will now consider yourself the only prop
of the family. Your mother yesterday requested that you might be
immediately informed * * * and that you would hasten to
their relief. Your mother's firmness is much weakened. Since writing
above the Doctor has escaped from his friends and has not been heard of."

On August 15, 1819, Reuben Lewis wrote the Secretary of War :
"From the peculiar and unfortunate situation of my mother and fam-
ily, I must beg leave to decline accepting a commission to lay off the
Quapaw Reserve, and for the same circumstances, I am compelled to
resign my appointment as agent for the Cherokees on the Arkansas."
His resignation was accepted, to take effect December 31, 1819, but
before that date he returned to the family estate near Charlottesville,
Virginia, and soon after took up the medical profession. In 1832 he
married his cousin, Mildred Dabney. Reuben Lewis died in 1844,
leaving no descendants.

MAJOR JOHN DOUGHERTY

JOHN DOUGHERTY was born near Bardstown, Nelson County, Ken-
tucky, April 12, 1791, and died at Liberty, Clay County, Missouri,
December 28, 1860. At the age of seventeen years he came to St.

Appendix

Louis and almost immediately engaged himself to the St. Louis Mis-
souri Fur Company. He went with the first expedition of that com-
pany to the Upper Missouri, and after a few years' service in the capac-
ity of trapper, trader, and clerk, he was appointed sub-agent under
Major Benjamin O'Fallon, United States Indian Agent of the Upper
Missouri tribes. On the resignation of Major O'Fallon in 1827, Major
Dougherty was appointed United States Indian Agent. His headquar-
ters were at Fort Leavenworth for the first ten years of his incum-
bency; at St. Louis for the years 1830-1833; then for a short time
at Council Bluffs; and again at Fort Leavenworth, where he remained
until 1839. When he resigned, the Missouri Republican of St. Louis,
commenting on it, said editorially: "In losing the services of Major
Dougherty the Government has lost a valuable public officer, one of the
first for honesty, integrity, and worth in the land; the Indians a faithful
and unflinching friend." Major Dougherty, as he wrote to his friend
Senator Geyer, had spent forty-four years in the Western country from
the Missouri to the Columbia, as trapper, Indian agent, and freighter.
These were dangerous occupations, in which he became more perfectly
acquainted with the habits, manners, tastes, and peculiarities of the
Northwestern tribes than any man ever did before, or since, and no
man has ever acquired such an influence over them. This influence
did not result so much from his peculiar knowledge of them as it did
from the nature of the man himself. He had a commanding and easy
dignity, a bright and intellectual eye; an unvarying candor and direct-
ness in all his intercourse with them, which at once pleased, charmed*
and overawed. His life with the Indians and uncouth men of the
then uncivilized West did not take from him those inherent qualities
of a gentleman. He was kind, courteous, and hospitable, a good neigh-
bor, a warm and devoted friend, and an affectionate husband and
father. Colonel D. C. Allen of Liberty, Missouri, pays this tribute to
him: "Major Dougherty was a magnificent specimen of the frontiers-
man and Indian fighter, as well as that of the old-fashioned Missouri
gentleman."

After Major Dougherty's resignation from the Indian Department
he removed to Clay County, and was elected a representative to the
Missouri Legislature of that county in the hard contest of 1840. With
Colonel Robert and William Campbell of St. Louis he was in the busi-
ness of United States sutlers and freighters from about 1839 to 1855.

He married at St. Louis, November 13, 1823, Mary, the daughter

Appendix 153

of Joseph Hertzog and Catherine Wilt. Four children were born to
them: Lewis Bissell, who has the distinction of being the first white
American born in what is now the State of Kansas and who served in the
Confederate Army as captain in the Third Missouri Infantry, and is
now living at Liberty, Missouri; Anne Elizabeth, who married Gen-
eral Charles Ruff, United States Army; O'Fallon, banker and stock-
raiser; John Kerr, who served in his brother's regiment in the Confed-
erate Army, and was killed at the battle of Franklin, Tennessee. Mrs.
Dougherty died in Philadelphia, March 27, 1873, aged seventy-four years.

JEAN BAPTISTE POINT DU SABLE

JEAN BAPTISTE POINT DU
SABLE, a French-West-
Indian mulatto, reputed to
be the first settler of Chi-
cago; having had a trading-
house and residence on the
bank of the Chicago River,
where Pine Street now ends,

prior to 1779. According to Mrs. John H. Kinzie, whose husband
purchased the house built by Point du Sable, he was a native of San
Domingo. N. Matson, in his French and Indian Wars of Illinois^ says
he was a runaway slave from Lexington, Kentucky. Point du Sable
on June 14, 1809, in making an affidavit at St. Charles as to some
Indian depredations on the Illinois River, designated himself "Baptiste
Pointe Sable, a free mulatto man."

Point du Sable's chief occupation seems to have been that of a
trader who wandered from place to place in the customary manner,
and fortunately left a record now and then. In 1779 he was in Chi-
cago, and in the summer of that same year he was established on the
River Chemin, later known as Trail Creek, probably on the site of
Michigan City, Indiana. It was at this place that he was arrested
by Lieut. Bennett, who had been sent by Arent S. De Peyster of the
British Army to forestall an anticipated attack on Mackinac by George
Rogers Clark. Point du Sable's arrest seems to have been due to his
seeming attachment to the American cause, although at the time he
was in the employ of a British trader named Durand, who had under-

154 Appendix

taken to guide a British war party to the Illinois country to co-operate
with Bennett. In his petition for a grant of land from the United
States Government, presented in 1783, Point du Sable satisfied the
Commissioners that he was a citizen of the United States. He stated
that as early as 1780 he had resided at Peoria with his family and had
improved a farm of thirty acres between the Old Fort and the new
settlements of Peoria. In 1790 he was again in Chicago and probably
intermittently for five or six years. In this same year, on October 4,
Susanne, the natural daughter of Point du Sable and an Indian woman,
married Jean Baptiste Pelletier at Cahokia, and on October 7, 1799,
a child born of this union was baptized in the Old Cathedral at St.
Louis. The entry states that Pelletier's spouse, Susanne Point Sable,
was "Habit a Chicagou" In 1796 he appeared at Mackinac. The
next record of him is as a witness or juror on September 29, 1802, in
the St. Clair County, Illinois (then Indiana Territory), Court of Com-
mon Pleas.

The first positive record I have found of Point du Sable's residence
in Missouri is in 1805, when he purchased some land in St. Charles
County from a negro named Rondin. The records show, from this
time on until June, 1813, several transfers of property in the city and
county of St. Charles which were made jointly by Jean Baptiste Point
Sable and "Baptiste Pointsable," as the names were usually written to
distinguish father and son. p

In June, 1813, as "J ean Baptiste Point de Sabre," he conveyed a
lot and house in the city of St. Charles, together with all of his other
property of various kinds, to Eulalia Barada, wife of Michael Derais.
He was probably ill at the time, as the consideration mentioned was
her promise to care for him in his illness and to bury him in the Catholic
Cemetery at St. Charles. The names appearing on the records, "Point
du Sable," "Point Sable," and "Point Sabre," are only variations of
Point du Sable; the title to the property involved in each case being
traceable to the same man. It is an interesting fact that Point du
Sable always signed simply with his initials, " J. B. P. S.," as shown in
the cut above.

The son, Baptiste Point du Sable, Jr., died sometime prior to Feb-
ruary 17, 1814, as letters of administration were then granted at St.
Charles, Missouri, on his estate to Henry Hight. No heirs were then
given and no files in the case are to be found in the Probate Court.
In July, 1814, Hight was removed and letters were granted to Jean
Baptiste Pointsable, Sr., but there are no files in that case. In Sep-

Appendix 155

tember, 1814, "J. B. P. S., alias John B. Pointsable," applied to the
court to take the benefit of the acts of the Territory concerning in-
solvent debtors, and to be released from imprisonment.

Whether it was the early Chicago settler, or the son, who was on
this expedition, it is difficult to determine absolutely.

AUGUSTS DUROCHER

AUGUSTE DUROCHER was born about 1779, as the record of his
marriage to Marie Louise Hortiz, widow of Joseph Laprise, solem-
nized in St. Louis, April 4, 1839, states that he was then about sixty
years old. He had contracted an alliance with this lady many years
previous. The church records of the St. Louis Cathedral show that
there were born of this couple: Marie Claire, November 22, 1821,
who married at St. Louis, January 7, 1839, Louis Dessaint of Quebec;
Auguste Edmond, July 25, 1825; and Joseph, May 23, 1827. Marie
Durocher, widow of Auguste, died December 30, 1863, leaving the fol-
lowing heirs: Marie Dessaint, then living at Davenport, Iowa, daugh-
ter; Benjamin Durocher, son, living at Fort Benton; Louise Tetu,
daughter; Julia, wife of Edmond Philibert, granddaughter; Augustus
Schaeffer, grandson, children of her daughter Eloise.

On May 16, 1814, Joseph Philibert and his company started on an
expedition to the Arapaho country, and Durocher accompanied him
as interpreter. Upon the return of the Philibert party Durocher con-
ducted a dancing school at Mr. Sanguinet's house and continued this
profession for two years. On January 26, 1819, he held his last ball,
so the newspaper advertisement reads. He was next heard of as a
tavern keeper on North Main Street in St. Louis in 1822. Growing
tired of this monotonous life, he joined, in 1829, the Kansas Outfit
of the American Fur Company, as a boatman. The next year he re-
engaged himself with the Company as boatman and hunter in the
Upper Missouri Outfit and was stationed at Fort Union. He remained
in this outfit until the fall of 1833, when he returned to St. Louis.
Durocher seems to have remained in St. Louis for about fifteen years,
as the directories and church records indicate that he was there in
1839, 1845, and 1848. In 1851 Mrs. Auguste Durocher is listed in the
city directory as a widow. In about 1850 Auguste Durocher stopped
in St. Joseph, Missouri, at the home of Pierre Harnois, who had been

Appendix

a gunsmith in the American Fur Company for many years. He asked
Mr. Harnois to care for some papers which he was leaving until his
brother, who closely resembled himself, should call for them. Mr.
Durocher stated that he was going to the Sandwich Islands, and that
he had previously been working in the mines of California. He was
never heard from after that, nor is there any record of him in St. Louis
after 1848. He probably left St. Louis for the California gold-fields
in 1849.

ANTOINE CITOLEUX, Dit LANGEVIN

ANTOINE CITOLEUX, dit Langevin, is usually referred to as Cito-
leur, although sometimes as Sitoleur and Citolou. He was the son
of Jean Baptiste and Rosalie (Pilon) Citoleux. On June 15, 1813, at
St. Louis, he married Adrienne Trudeau, daughter of the schoolmaster
Jean B. and Madeleine (Roy) Trudeau. His wife died August 24,
1813, aged seventeen years; the church record of the burial states
that she was the wife of Antoine Sitoleur, a "traveller." After the
return of this expedition, Citoleux remained in St. Louis for several
years; at least, we have evidence that he was there from June, 1814,
to 1816. He probably continued in the fur trade, although the only
record we find of him in that connection is in October, 1823, when he
was in command of a Missouri Fur Company expedition, with which
Jean Eymas and Joseph A. Sire went as voyageurs and hunters. While
on his way from Fort Kiowa on the Missouri River to the Little Mis-
souri, and in contemplation of a detour alone into dangerous country,
Citoleux decided to make his will. It was written by Sire in French,
to which Citoleux signed his name by making his mark, and Sire and
Eymas signed as witnesses. It was a very short document, and the
only bequest was to his nephew and god-son, Antoine Louis Trudeau,
son of his brother-in-law, Louis Trudeau. The estate consisted of a
house and lot in St. Louis and two notes signed by Joseph Leblond
and Joseph Roture, respectively. Neither of these notes could be col-
lected, as Leblond died insolvent and Roture "had gone to the Spanish
country." The will was lost for some time, and Sire and Eymas made
affidavits concerning its contents. While the will, which was dated
October 15, 1823, does not state the place at which it was made, Sire,
in his affidavit, says it was done at the island called Simoneau. Ey-
mas states that the next day after the publishing of the will by Cito-

Appendix 157

leux, and at a distance of about thirty miles below the Little Missouri,
he and Citoleux parted, Citoleux to go to the Arikaras village on the
Little Missouri, and Eymas and Sire to their destination; that he never
saw Citoleux afterwards, but understood that he had been killed by
the Arikaras soon after leaving him.

LIST OF ENGAGES

Taken from the Account Book, kept by Manuel Lisa himself, the
original of which is in the Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka,
Kansas.

LA COMPAGNY DBS FoURURES DU MlSSOURY DANS UNE ADVENTURE
CONDUIT PAR MANUEL LISA DANS DEUX BARGE PARTITS L'UNE
LE 2 MAY ET L'AUTRE LE 6, 1812.

Reuben Lewis, John Kenton,

John C. Luttig, Juan Baptist Lachapel,

Louis Lorimier, Antoine Citoleur,

Charles Sanguinet, Antoine Mercier,

Michael E. Immel, Ustache Carier,

Juan Baptist Mayet, Ant. & Abraham Leroux [or
Alexy Jollet, Ledoux],

Francois Roy, Chevalier, Cadet,

Francois Laprise, Charles Latour,

Pierre Lamonde, William Brawn [Brown],

Pierre Desseve, John Dokerty [Dougherty],

Louis Lajoie, Caleb Grenwoods,

Josef Lagasse, desertt, Brice Arnold,

Josef Leme, William Weir,

Baptiste Pointsable, Blan, Grand [A Pety (Petit) Blan
Louis Manegre, desert6 y was in the employ of the Corn-

Andre St. Germain, pany about this time],

Pedro Antonio, Baptiste Provots,

Josef Leclair, Etienne Cadron, dit St. Pierre,

Pierre Lange, John Polly,

Antoine Labont6, Antoine Peltier,

Pierre Larivier, Antoine Canga,

Guiomme Tardit, Louis McKraken,

Francois Lecompt, Edouard Rose,

Hipolite Papin, Pierre Marasse,

Francois Guenville, Michel Rousseau,

Bte. Latoulipe, Pierre Detalier,

158 Appendix

Augte. Bourbonnois, Josef Carrot [Garreau],

John Anderson, Josef Bourrain,

Bte. Alar, Josef Elie,

Gabriel Agot, Baptiste Antoine, dit Machecou,

L. T. Dejardin, Louis Archambeau,

Daniel Larrison, Isaac Fouche,

Paul Pereau, Pierre Chaine,

Philip Fontaine, Francois Oulle,

Nicolas Glineau, Toussain Charboneau,

Josef Bissonet, James H. Audrin [Audrain],

Louis Bissonet, dit Bijou, Louis Delibac,

Josef Joyal, Morice Leduc,

Ren6 Jussome [Jusseaume], Louis Chatelreau,

Pierre Primeau, Alexander Toulouse,

Gueniche St. Pierre, Louis Norman,

George, negr e.

Pour serche les Chasseures qui eiet sur la Rre. des Espagnal et Arapaos
7 Sept. 1812.

M. Ch. Sanguinet #35.

Cadet Chevalier 300.

Ch. Latour 300.

Bibliography 159

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

MANUSCRIPTS, BOOKS, AND NEWSPAPERS CONSULTED
IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS VOLUME

MANUSCRIPTS

(Unless otherwise noted, these manuscripts are in the archives of
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ASHLEY, WILLIAM H. Letters and accounts, 1811-1836.
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i8i7~June, 1819; October, i8o4-April, 1819; Journals of Fort Te-
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Arkansas Post, Osage Indian Mission,

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Carondelet, St. Charles,

Florissant, Ste. Genevieve,

Fort Chartres, St. Louis,

Kaskaskia, St. Mary's, Kansas,

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Index

175

INDEX

Agot, Gabriel: 158.
Alar, Jean Baptiste: sketch of, 59;
engagt, 158.

Alar family: 59.

Albemarle County, Va.: 150.

Allen, Col. Dewitt C.: 152.

Allison, Hannah: 31.

Alvarado: 35.

American Fur Co.: 35, 53, 59, 60,
77, 103, in, 148, 155, 156.

American Horse, Indian Chief: 57.

American State Papers: cited, 59,
138.

Anderson, John: 158.

Andrew County, Mo.: 38.

Angel, Eugenia: 148.

Angel, John: 148.

Antelopes: 62.

Antonio, Baptiste Machecou, dit:
sketch of, 100; engagt, 158.

Antonio, Pedro: 100; engag6, 157.

Arapaho Indians: at war with
Americans, 15; country of, 16,
155; villages of, 1 8, 20; on Ar-
kansas River, 76; described, 101 ;
trade with Sanguinet, 103; sell
horses, 114; mentioned, 142.

Archambeau, Louis: killed, 124;
buried, 126; engagt, 158.

Arck River: described, 49.

Arikara Fort: 16.
Arikara Indians: at war with
Americans, 15; country of, 16;
near British posts, 24; villages,
30, 57, 67, 145; chiefs, 64, 77;
hunters, 65; expedition camped
below, 66; war party, 69, 73; at-
tacked Lieut. Pryor's party 74;
traders at village, 75; Saones
propose peace with, 79; at Fort
Manuel, 77, 82, 86, 87, 90, 91,
98, 101, 103, 105, 108, 114, 128;
leave Fort, 84; trade horses, 81;
at war with Sioux, 76, 113, 120;
in search of squaw, 80; trade
corn, 85; set prairie on fire, 92;

threaten Lisa's party, 92; tran-
quil, 93 ; steal horses, 93 ; quar-
rel with Sioux, 104; hunting,
106; return from Mandans, 107;
steal Company's cat, no; .offer
Lisa a present, no; pass by
Fort, in; kill Sioux chief, 115;
want to live at point above Fort,
1 1 7; go to Cheyennes for meat,
120; return, 121; not feared by
Lisa, 126; described, 52.

Arkansas River: mentioned, 18,
51, 70, 100, 102, 103, 138, 145;
described, 76.

Armstead, Montana: 135.

Arnold, Brice: 157.

Arrow Rock, Mo.: 19; block-
house, 34.

Ashley, William: 35, 73.

Aspinwall, Neb.: 41.

Assiniboine River: 136.

Astorians: 38, 57, 73, 77.

Atchison County, Mo.: 41.

Atkinson, Gen. Henry: 45, 136,
138, 148.

Audrin, James H.: 158.

Audubon, J. J.: cited, 91.

Bad River (sometimes called Little

Missouri and Teton) ; described,

62.

Baird, James: 17, 35.
Bald-pated Prairie: 42.
Barada, Eulalia: 154.
Bardstown, Ky.: 151.
Bates, Frederick: 145.
Bates County, Mo.: 50, 52.
Bazile Creek: 53.
Beaux Soleil Island: 41.
Beckwourth. James: cited, 64.
Beede, Dr. A. McG.: Missionary

at Fort Yates, N. D., quoted,

55, 56, 57, 68.
Belief ontaine: see Fort Bellefon-

taine.
Bennett, Lieut. Thomas: 154.

i 7 6

Index

Bent & St. Vrain: 140.
Bergan, Marguerite: 79.
Berger River: described, 29.
Berthelot, Alexis: 102.
Bertrand, Louise : 1 1 1 .
Big Bend (Grand Detour): 57, 61,

98.

Big Elk, Indian chief: 56.
Big Horn River: described, 77.
Big Horse, Oglala chief: 56; sketch

of, 57-
Big Man, Arikara chief: sketch of,

Big Nemaha River: described, 40.

Big Sioux River: described, 47;
mentioned, 51.

Big White, Mandan chief: see
Sheheke.

Bijou, Louis: see Bissonet.

Bijou Fork: 140.

Bijou Hills, S. D.: 57, 149.

Bijou's Trading Post: 56, 57, 58.

Billeau, dit Lesperance, Jean Bap-
tiste: ill.

Billeau, dit Lesperance, Pelagic:
in.

Bird Woman: see Sakakawea.

Bismarck, N. D.: 74, 135.

Bissonet, Joseph ^149.

Bissonet, Louis: joins expedition,
34; makes signal fires, 54; with
Yankton Sioux, 56; trading-
house finished, 58; arrives at
Fort Manuel, 79; loads canoe,
80; reported killed, 104, 105;
answers Lisa's letter, 109;
sketch of, 148; engagt, 158.

Blackbird, Omaha chief: 46, 49.

Blackbird Hill: described, 46.

Black Buffalo, Teton Sioux chief:
sketch of, 56.

Black Hills: 5.7, 3, 70.

Blackfeet Indians: mentioned, 57,
70, 106, 144; reported to have
killed Champlain, 102; de-
scribed, 102.

Black Snake Creek: 32.

Black Snake Hills (St. Joseph,
Mo.): 55,88,147.

Bledsoe, Anthony: 52.

Black Sky, Sioux chief: 56, 58.
Blan, Grand: 157.
Blood Indians: 102.
Bloomfield, Mo.: 52.
Bois Brul6 Indians: 57.
Bois, Catherine des: 79.
Boite, Sioux chief: 82.
Boiler, H. A.: cited, 105.
Bol ton, Herbert E.: 143.
Bonhomme County, S. D.: 49, 54.
Bonhomme Island: described, 49.
Bonhomme Township, Mo.: 28.
Boone District: 123.
Boonslick, Mo. : 19.
Boonville, Mo.: 31.
Boucherelle, Alphonzo: 88.
Bougainville, Charlotte Peman-

pieh: 52.^

Bourbonnois, Auguste: 158.
Bourgmont, Etienne Venyard de:

32-

Bourrain, Josef : 158.
Bow Creek: 49, 51.
Boyer River: described, 44.
Brackenridge, H. M.: cited, 44,

46, 49, 67, 73, 77, 133, 136.
Bradbury, John: cited, 136, 145.
Bras Casse, Sioux chief: 57.
Brawn (Brown^, William,: 157.
Brazeaju, Cecile: 150.
Bridger, James: 140.
Bridger Range: 135.
Bright, Josiah: 150.
British agents: 23, 24, 122, 124.

153-

British North West Company: 15.

Broken Arm, Indian chief: 57.

Brown County, Kans.: 40.

Brown, Widow: 148.

Brownsville, Neb.: 41.

Bru!6 County, S. D.: 57.

Bryant, Edwin: cited, 35.

Buchanan County, Mo.: 147.

Buffalo County, S. D.: 61.

Bullet (Cannon Ball) River: de-
scribed, 107.

Cabanne & Co.: 144.
Cabre: 62.

Index

177

Cadron, Etienne, dit St. Pierre:

157-
Cahokia, 111.: 79. 80, 89, 154.

Caledonia, III.: 146.

Calhoun, Neb.: 45.

Callaway, Capt. James: 35.

Callaway County, Mo. : 30.

Campbell, Robert: 152.

Campbell, William: 152.

Canga, Antoine: 157.

Cannonball River: mentioned, 52,
67, 107.

Cape Girardeau, Mo.: 51, 129.

Carboneau, Elizabeth: 140.

Carlyle, 111.: 146.

Carondelet, Mo.: 29,91.

Carriere, Baptiste: 77.

Car'riere, Eustache: on fall hunt,
77; sketch of, 77, 79; reported
killed, 98;^ engagt, 157.

Carriere, Michel: 77.

Carrollton, 111.: 146.

Cass County, Neb.: 41.

Casse, Emelie: 114.

Casse, Joseph Laderoute, dit: see
Laderoute.

Castor River: 52.

Castro: 35.

Catlin, George: 74.

Cats in trading-posts: 62, 63.

Cedar County, Neb.: 45, 49.

Cedar Creek: 61.

Cedar Island: 46, 61.

Cerre", Gabriel: 114.

Chabpnard: 140.

Chahik-si-chakiko: 69.

Chaine, Isadore: 89.

Chaine, Pierre: sketch of, 89; en-
gaged to hunt, 91 ; sent for stolen
horses, 93; hunting, 94, 99; goes
to Cheyennes' camp, 97; engagt,
158.

Chambers, Samuel: 17, 35.

Chambersburg, Pa.: 143.

Champlain, Jean Baptiste: leader
of party, 16, 17, 142; on Platte,
18; death of, 19: search for,
20; reported killed by Blackfeet,
102; sketch of, 102.

Chappell, Phil E.: cited, 29, 32.

Charbonneau, Jean Baptiste: 134,
140.

Charbonneau, Lizette: 133, 140.

Charbonneau, Toussaint: 24;
alarms Fort, 78; goes to Gros-
ventre station, 79, 86, 89, 127;
returns, 83, 92; to Saone camp,
97; stirs up Indians, 84; at
Ankara village, 93; prepares to
trade with Grosventres, 109; re-
turns from village, 121; warn-
ings to, 124; wife dies, 126;
escort returns, 128; husband
of Sakakawea, 132; wives of,
133; children of, 133, 134, 140;
sketch of, 135; pay as inter-
preter, 140; engagt, 158.

Charbonneau, Toussaint, Jr. : 133.

Charbonniere: described, 28.

Charles, Mary: 142.

Charles, a Negro boy: drowns, 59.

Charrette: seejarret.

Charlottesville, Va. : 151.

Chatelreau, Louis: 158.

Chemin River: 153.

Chene: see Chaine.

Cherokee Indians: 151.

Chevalier, Cadet: in search of
Champlain's party, 20, no, 158;
messenger, 101; sketch of, 101;
goes to meet Sanguinet, 103;
death of, no; engag, 157.

Chevalier, Louis: 101.

Chevelures ("The Scalps"): 104.

Cheveux Loup, Grosventre Indian:
92, 122.

Cheyenne Indians: at war with
Americans, 15; attacked Kansas
Indians, 37; mentioned, 63, 86,
101, 112; at Fort Manuel, 70,
98, 106, 120; described, 70;
chiefs, 92, 108, 120; camped
above Fort, 97; hunting, 99, 100;
leave Fort, 107; carry pipe to
Arikaras and Sioux, 113; fight
with Sioux, 115; advise Arik-
aras to leave Fort, 121; warn
Charbonneau,. 124; difficult to
trade with, 125; Sioux steal
horses from, 127.

178

Index

Cheyenne River: mentioned, 52,

64; described, 63, 70.
Chicago, 111.: first settler of, 153,

154-

Chicago River: 153.
Chihuahua: 36, 723.
Chippewa Indians: 54.
Chittenden, H. M.: cited, 16, 50,

51, 68, 76, 94, 106.
Chouteau, A. P.: 43, 138.
Chouteau, Auguste: 13, 28, 43, 91,

102, 138, 145, 148.
Chouteau, Marie Louise: 53.
Chouteau, Pierre: 28, 50, 102.
Chouteau Bluffs, S. D.: 54.
Chouteau, Cabanne & Co.: HI.
Chouteau-DeMun expedition: 70,

103, 138.

Cij a, Osage Indian woman: 30.

Citoleux, Antoine: 109, no;
sketch of, 156; engag6, 157.

Citoleux, Jean B.: 156.

Clark, George Rogers : 153.

Clark, William: employs John C.
Luttig, 14; chose site of Fort
Osage, 34; council with Indians,
56; guardian of Charbonneau
children, 134; letter to Char-
bonneau, 137; deed to, 138; re-
port to, 144.; recommends Reu-
ben Lewis, 150.

Clay County, Mo.: 151, 152.

Clay County, S. D.: 48.

Clemson, Col. Eli B. : in command
of Fort Osage, 34; sketch of, 145,

Clemson family: 146.

Cold Water Creek: 27.

Ccle, Mrs. Hannah: sketch of, 31.

Cole. Stephen: 31.

Cole, William T.: killed by Indi-
ans, 31.

Cole family: 31.

Cole County, Mo.: 65.

Colter, John: 65, 145.

Columbia Fur Company: 62.

Conde, Marie Anne: 149.

Conde, Dr. Auguste A.: 149.

Cooper, Miss Alice: 135.

Cooper County, Mo.: 31, 65.

Corson County, S. D.: 66, 67, 68.

C6te, Alexis: 91.

Cdte, Felicite: 91.

C6te Grand Brule: 42.

Cote sans Dessein: described, 30.

Coues, Elliott: cited, 29, 38, 43,
44, 87.

Council Bluffs: 16, 44, 148, 151;
described, 45.

Council Grove: 37.

Coupe a Jacques: 44.

Coupe Loisell: described, 45.

Coyner, D. H.: mentioned, 19.

Crawford, T. Hartley: letter to,
141.

Crawford County, Iowa: 45.

Crawford County, Mo.: 65.

Creek Indians: 100.

Cromwell: 131.

Crooked Hand, Sioux chief: 57,
"3-

Crooks, Ramsey: 44.

Crow Indians: at war with Amer-
icans, 15; give information about
Champlain, 20; mentioned, 35,
68, 100, 103, 106; described, 78.

Dabney, Mildred: 151.
Dakota City, Neb. : 51.
Dakota County, Neb. : 47, 49.
Dakota Indians: 51, 57; described,

54-

Danis, Charles: 100.
Danis, Jean Baptiste: sketch of,

100.

Davenport, Iowa: 155.
Delassus, Gov. Carlos Dehault:

88, 144.

Dejardin, L. T.: 158.
Delaware Indians: 52.
Delibac, Louis: 158.
Delisle, Jean Baptiste: 147.
Delisle, Therese Bienvenue: 147.
Demarais, Louis Amable: 43.
Demaret, Josette: 29.
De Mun, Julius: 138.
De Peyster, Arent: 153.
Derais, Michael: 154.
Desgagniers, Catherine: 77.
Desmarets, Louise: 59.
Desmarets, Joseph: 59.

Index

179

De Smet, Pierre J.: cited, 106.
Des Moines River: 45, 51.
Dessaint, Louis: 155.

Desseve, Pierre: 157.

Detalier, Pierre: 157.

Detroit, Mich.: HI, 145.

Devil's Lake, N. D.: 49.

Dickson's Post: 49.

Dixon County, Neb.: 48.

Dodier, Elizabeth: 91.

Doniphan County, Kans.: 40.

Dorien Island: 61.

Dougherty, Maj. John: 65, 157;
sketch of, 151.

Dougherty, John Kerr: 153.

Dougherty, Lewis B.: 153.

Dougherty, O'Fallon: 153.

Douglas, Walter B.: acknowledg-
ments to, 25; cited, 65, 142.

Drouillard, George: 78, HI.

Dubuque, Iowa: 13.

Dubuque, Julien: mentioned, 13,
103-

Duncan: 131.

Dupre, Eugene: 53.

Duquette, Francois: 60.

Durand, British trader: 153.

Durocher, Auguste: carries mess-
age, 101; no news of, 104; reach-
es Fort Manuel, 105; leaves for
Little Big Horn, HI; returns,
112; ordered out of Fort, 114;
escorts Charbonneau, 128;
sketch of, 155.

Durocher family: 155.

Eagle's Feather (Plume d'Aigle),
Ankara chief: see La Plume.

Eagle Feather Creek: 67.

Elie, Joseph: sketch of, 79.

Elk's Tongue, Arikara chief:
sketch of, 91; camp of, 93.

Engineer Cantonment: 44.

Equipment for hunters: 76.

Eymas, Jean: 156, 157.

Fair Sun Island: 41.
Farrar, Dr. John: 43.
Ferguson: 131.
Fire Heart Butte, N. D.: 97.

Fire Prairie: described, 33.
Fire Prairie Creek: 33.
Fishing Creek, S. C.: 65.
Flathead Indians: 106.
Florissant, Mo.: 28. 59, 77, 79, 88,

in, 124.

Floyd's Bluffs: 47.
Floyd's River: described, 47.
Fontaine, Philip: 158
Fort Anthony: 122.
Fort Atkinson: 45.
Fort aux Cedres: 53.
Fort Bellefontaine: 27, 63, 123,

144, 146.
Fort Bent: 76.
Fort Benton: 89.
Fort Berthold: 52, 64, 74, 135,

155-

FortBridger: 140.
Fort Calhoun: 45.
Fort Clark: 33, 148.
Fort Clemson: 146. .
Fort Cole: 31.
Fort Fiery Prairie: 33.
Fort Kiowa: 156.
Fort Laframboise: 62.
Fort Laramie: 54, 55.
Fort La Salle: 70.
Fort Lea venworth: 34, 152.
Fort Lisa, near Council Bluffs: 16,

44, 144.

Fort Madison: 27.
Fort Mandan: 15, 79, 142.
Fort Manuel: 17, broken up, 20;
location of, 68; cleared for de-
fense, 93, 125; enclosure fin-
ished, 93; baptized, 94.
Fort Mason: 123.
Fort Massac: 27.
Fort Orleans: 32.
Fort Os age: 27, 146, 150; de-
scribed, 33; hunters at, 35.
FortPembina: 136.
Fort Pierre: 55, 137.
Fort Pine: 136.
Fort Raymond: 77.
Fort St. Michel "chez des Sioux":

61.

Fort Snelling: 122.
FortTecumseh: 62,77.

i8o

Index

Fort Union: 77, 155.

Fort Vincennes : 27. 89.

Fort Yates: 68, 124.

Foster County, N. D.: 49.

Fouche, Francois: in.

Fouche, Isaac: sketch of, in; <rn-

gagt, 158.

Fouche, Michel: in.
Fouche, Pedro: in.
Four-Mile Creek, N. D.t 91.
Fowke, Gerard: cited, 32.
Fox Indians: 27.
Franklin County, Mo.: 31, 144,

145-

Franklin, Mo. : 150.
Franklin, Tenn., battle of: 153.
Fremont, John Charles: cited, 45,

140.

French Fur Company: 148.
Fulkerson,W.N.: 138.

Gage County, Neb. : 40.

Galena, 111.: 142, 150.

Garciniere, Don Andres Fagot la:
64.

Garreau, Antoine: 64.

Garreau, Joseph: sketch of, 64;
returns from Arikaras, 68; wife
threatens to shoot, 84; leaves
Fort, 90; deception of, 92; or-
ders Arikaras to steal horses, 93;
returns to Fort, 94; at Saone
camp, 97; invites Sioux to go
hunting, 104; goes to meet Im-
me!l, 107; to Arikara village,
117; engagt, 158.

Garreau, Pierre: 64.

Gauche (Left-handed), Arikara
chief: visits camp, 64; sketch
of, 64; receives present, 66; fol-
lows expedition, 67; at Fort, 72,
79, 86, 89, 99, 106; mentioned,
73, 128; horse stolen by Sioux,
83; holds council, 93; village
of, 100; carries pipe to Chey-
ennes, 1 10; returns from Chey-
ennes, 112; wants to live near
Fort, 117; returns from hunt,
1 1 8; son blind, 120.

Geyer, Senator Henry S.: 152.

Glineau, Nicolas: sketch of, 103;
goes to Mandans, 109, 119; re-
covers stolen horses, 116; en-
gagt, 158.

Goyet, Marie: 34.

Graham, Moses: 14.

Grand Detour: 61.

Grand Pawnee Indians: 69.

Grand River: mentioned, 32, 52,
64, 67; described, 6$.

Great Bend: 61.

Greenwood, Caleb: sketch of, 35;
goes to Arikaras, 61; rejoins
party, 65; engagt, 157.

Gregory County, S. D.: 55, 56.

Grey Eyes, Arikara chief: sketch
of, 73; at Fort Manuel, 76;
mentioned, 91; has Company's
horses, 93, 94; returns horses,
98.

Grey Head, Mandan chief: 90.

Grier, Robert C: 53.

Grosventre Indians: at war with
Americans, 15; Hidatsa, 52;
post of, 63; kill an Arikara, 68;
described, 68; mentioned, 69,
84, 106, 136; trade horses, 73;
traders return from, 74, 87, 12 1 ;
steal horses, 78; kill Mandan
chiefs, 83; send pipe to Arik-
aras, 87; battle, 88; traders
with, 89; go to Arikaras, 93;
kill trappers, 101; Sioux kills,
Ii8; capture Bird Woman, 132;
battle between Mandans and
Grosventres, 139.

Grosventres of the Prairie, or Fall
Indians: 102.

Hall, Rev. C. L.: cited, 132.

Hannibal, Mo.: 123.

Harding County, S. D.: 66.

Harmony Mission: 51, 60.

Harnois, Pierre: 155.

Harper, Mr.: 151.

Harrison, William Henry: ^ Gov-
ernor of District of Louisiana,
27.

Harrison County, Iowa: 45.

Harrison, Mo.: 100.

Index

181

Hartland, Kans.: 70.
Head, James: 100.
Hebard, Dr. Grace R.: 135.
Helie: see Elie.
Hempstead, Stephen: 142.
Henry, Alexander: cited, 68, 73,

136.

Henry, Andrew: 65, 104.
Hertzog, Joseph: 153.
Hertzog, Mary: 152.
Hidatsa group: 78.
Hidatsa Indians: see Grosventre

Indians.

Hidatsa language: 133.
Hight, Henry: 154.
Hodge, F. W.: cited, 51, 52, 58,

100, 101.

Holmes, Capt. Reuben: 138.
Holt County, Mo.: 38.
Hopa-wazhupS: 49.
Hortiz, Joseph : 101.
Hortiz, Marie L.: 155.
Hosmer, James K.: cited, 135.
Hotonga: 51.

Howard, Gen. Benjamin: 123.
Hunkpapa Indians: 57.
Hunt, Col. Thomas: 27, 144.
Hunt, Wilson P.: 64.
Hyde County, S. D.: 61.

Ichinipokine River: 41.

Ida County, Iowa: 45.

Illinois River: 70.

Immell, Michael E.: meets expe-
dition, 27; goes to Fort Osage
for dog, 35; precedes party by
land, 51; with Sioux, 54, 56;
returns to camp, 58; at Grey
Eyes' camp, 94; hunting, 60,
80, 8 1, 91, 92, 99; returns from
hunt, 82; visits his wintering
post of 1811, 61; letter from,
64; at Arikara village, 83, 85, 93;
goes to Grosventre village, 86;
to Cheyenne camp, 97; attends
Cheyenne feast, 98; to Man-
dans, 103, 104, 119; reported
robbed by Cheyennes, 107; goes
to Sioux camp, 108; in search
of stolen horses, 112, 116; re-

turns with horses, 113; gives
girl to Laderoute, 115; helps
Arikaras move, 117; returns
from Mandans, 120; reconnoi-
tres, 126; sketch of, 143; engagt,

157-

Indian chief fires his gun back-
ward: 1 08.

Indian spies: 56.

Indian Territory: 37,51.

Indians designate site of trading-
posts: 67.

Inkpe Luta, Indian chief: 57.

Iowa Creek: 48.

Iowa Indians: 23, 37, 51.

Iowa Point: 40.

Irving, Washington: cited, 64.

Isle a Beau Soleil: 41.

Istinhmunma (The Sleeper), In-
dian chief: 55.

Jackson County, Mo.: 33.
Jacques (James) River: described,

49; mentioned, 51
James, Thomas: cited, 68.
Janot: see Lachapelle.
Jarret, Henry: 88.

arret, Susanne: 88

efferson, Thomas: 52.

efferson Forks: 135.

ohnson, William J. : 88.

ohnson County, Neb. : 40.

ollet, Alexy: 157.

ones, Robert: 144.

oyal, Antoine: 88.

oyal, Joseph: sketch of, 88; with

Glineau, 104; engagi, 158.
Joyal family: 88.
Jusseaume, Josette Therese: 77,

79-

Jusseaume, Rene: mentioned, 74,
77. 137; sketch of, 79; returns
from Grosventre village, 83; ex-
cites Indians, 84; with Glineau,
104; horses stolen, 116; engagt,
158.

Jusseaume, Toussaint: 79.

Kago-ha-mi (Little Raven or Lit-
tle Crow), Mandan chief: 83.

182

Index

Kansas City, Mo.: 36, 147.

Kansas Indians: imprison Ezekiel
Williams, 19, 35; described, 36;
mentioned, 50; villages, 35, 36.

Kansas Outfit: 155.

Kansas River: mouth of, 23; men-
tioned, 36, 37, 51, 70, 78, 101.

Kansas State Historical Society:
157-

Kaskaskia, 111.: records, 30; men-
tioned, 77, 80, ioo, 1 14.

Kearny, Stephen W.: 64, 123, 136,
138.

Kearny County, Kans.: 70.

Keeney, Mrs. Mary Hempstead:
142.

Kenel, S. D.: 68.

Kennedy, George: 144.

Kennerly, James: 130.

Kenton, John: 157.

Kinzie, Mrs. John H.: 153.

Kipp, James: 137.

Knife River: 68, 136.

Knox County, Neb.: 49, 53, 54.

Labadie, Joseph: 88.
Labadie, Therese: 88.
Labont, Antoine: 157.
Labuiche, Geneyieve: 88.
Lachapelle, Bazile: 30.
Lachapelle, David: 30.
Lachapelle, Jean Baptiste: sketch

of, 30; kills bear, 32; on hunt,

77; reported to have been killed,

98; engagt, 157.
Lachapelle, dit J anot: 30.
Lacroix, Paul: 91.
Laderoute, Joseph: ordered out of

Fort, 114, 115; sketch of, 114;

deserted, 117; escorts Charbon-

neau, 128.

Ladouceur, Elinore: 149.
Ladouceur, Pierre: 149.
Lafayette County, Mo.: 33.
Lafarque, Jean: leader of party,

1 6, 142; in Spanish country,

102; sketch of, 103.
Lagasse, Josef : 157.
La Garciniere, Don Andres Fagot:

64.

Laidlaw, William: ,137.
Lajeunesse, : meets expedi-
tion, 34.

Lajeunesse, Jacques: 34.
Lajeunesse, Jean B.: 34.
Lajeunesse, Marie: 77.
Lajeunesse family: 34.
Lajoie, Joseph: 88.
Lajoie, Louis: sketch of, 88; en-

mt> 157-

Lake Nepegon: 101.

Lake Winnepeg: HI.

Lamberton, N. J.: 123.

Lamonde, Pierre: 157.

Lancaster County, Neb.: 40.

Lange, Joseph: in.

Lange, Pierre: arrives at Fort,
no, in; goes to Mandans, 119;
engagt, 157.

Langue de Biche (Elk's Tongue),
Ankara chief: sketch of, 91;
camp of, 93; horses recovered
recovered from, 116; situation
of, 126; at Fort, 128.

Lapere, Cecile: 148.

Lapere, Peter: 148.

La Plume d'Aigle (Eagle's Feath-
er), Arikara chief: sketch of, 67;
at Fort, 72, 75, 93, 120; carries
pipe to Mandans, 1 10.

Laprise, Francois: 157.

Laprise, Joseph: 155.

Larivier, Pierre: 157.

Laroche, Marie J.: 89.

Larocque, Francois Antoine: 137.

Larose, Cecile: 147.

Larpenteur, Charles: cited, 64,89.

Larrison, Daniel: sketch of, 35;
engag6, 158.

Larrison, John: 35.

Latour, Amable: Hi.

Latour, Charles: in search of
Champ lain v 's party, 20, 158;
arrives at Fort Manuel, no;
sketch of, no; ordered out of
Fort, 114; accompanies Char-
bonneau, 128; engag6, 15 7-

Latour family: in.

LaTulipe: 43.

Latulippe, Elizabeth: 43.

Index

183

Latulippe, Francois: 43.

Latulippe, Jean Baptiste: sketch
of, 42; engag^ 157.

Laviolette, Catherine: 59.

Laviolette, Julia: 59.

Laviolette, Marie L.: 139.

Lawrence County, Ark.: 14.

Lawrencetown, Ark.: 14.

Lean Wolf, Indian chief: 140.

L'Eau Qui Court (Niobrara) Riv-
er: described, 53; mentioned,
144.

L'Eau Qui Monte: 53.

Leavenworth, Col. Henry: 122.

Lebanon, 111.: 146.

Leblond, Joseph: 156.

Le Bprgne (One-eyed), Grosventre
chief: sketch of, 73; mentioned
121 ; in disgrace, 122.

Leclair, Joseph : 127,157.

Leclerc, Therese : 1 1 1 .

Lecompte, Francois : sketch of, 78 ;
engagt, 157.

Lecompte, Louis: 148.

Leduc, Morice: 158.

Le Grand, Cheyenne Indian: 87.

Le Grand (Partizan), Dakota war-
rior: 90.

Le Gross (Big Man),' Arikara chief:
sketch of, 77; at Fort Manuel,
89, 94, 106; returns from Chey-
ennes, 119.

Leme, Josef: 157.

Lemonde, dit La Malice, Charles :
148.

Le Nez (The Nose), Sioux chief:
sketch of, 55.

Lepage, Julia: 59.

Leroux (or Ledoux), Abraham:
157-

Leroux, Antoine: 157.

Lessaroco, Cheyenne chief: 86.

Le Sueur, Minn.: 57.

Lewis, Meriwether: 74, 139, 150.

Lewis, Reuben: 60; prairie dog,
71; on Little Big Horn River,
77, 101; message from, 100, 105;
letter to, in; sketch of, 150;
in list of engages, 157.

Lewis, T. H.: cited, 56.

Lewis and Clark Expedition: men
tioned, 11, 29, 32, 34, 37, 38,
42, 44, 45, 48, 49, 51, 62, 64, 70,
73, 87, 90, 102, 106, 136, 140,
145; map of, 53; held council
with Indians, 56; quoted, 58;
at Arikara village, 67; gave Le
Borgne a swivel gun, 73; at Fort
Mandan, 79, 83; interpreter for,
132.

Lexington, Mo. : 153.

Liberty, Mo.: 151, 153.

Lisa, Cristobal de: 142.

Lisa,Manuel: returns to St. Louis,
15, 16; expeditions of, 17, 29,
35; sends Company's boat back,
52; difficulties with Indians, 18,
I9> 92, 93; trade with South-
west Indians, 20; success of, 21;
strategy of, 23; joins expedition
at the Charbonniere, 28; puts
hogs in river, 38; escapes drown-
ing, 46; monopoly of Osage
trade, 50; holds council with
Indians, 56, 66; servant drowns,
59; gives presents to chiefs, 58,
74,120; trading-posts of, 6 1, 66,
68, 77; sends for cat, 62; fort
at Grand River, 66; injured, 69;
goes to Grosventre village, 69;
returns, 70, 73 ; talk with Sioux
chief, 77; partnership with
Drouillard, 78; proposes peace
between Saone and Arikara In-
dians, 79; at Arikara village, 83 ;
engages Charbonneau, 86; takes
pipe of Grosventres to Arikaras,
87; with Saone Sioux, 90; urges
Arikaras to hunt, 92; at Chey-
ennes' camp, 97; invited to
Cheyenne feast, 98; hunting,
99; employees of, 100, 102, 103,
in, 114; sends letter to Bijou,
105; promises horses to Arik-
aras, 106; men return, 107; of-
fers friendship to Sioux, 108;
receives unpleasant news from
Lewis, 100; letter from Sangui-
net, 101; refuses present from
Arikaras, no; urges men to

1 84

Index

hunt, 114; running mare stolen,

116; takes possession of Indian

fort, 1 16; gives presents to cover

the body of Gauche 's son, 120;

sketch of, 141; letter to Span-
^iards, 142; mentioned, 144.
Lisa, Rosalie: 142.
Little Berger River: 29.
Little Big Horn River, 77, 101,

in, 142.

Little Bow Creek: 49.
Little Bow, Omaha chief: 49.
Little Cedar Island: in Gregory

County, S. D., 55.
Little Cheyenne River: described,

in.
Little Crow, Mandan chief: killed

by Grosventres, 83.
Little Missouri River (now called

Bad River): 75, 156, 157.
Little Nemaha River: described,

41.

Little Platte River: described, 36.
Little Osage Indians: village of,

32; mentioned, 50, 51.
Little Osage Island: location of,

.3 2 '

Little Osage Prairie: described, 32.

Little Osage River: 50.

Little Sioux River: described, 45.

Loisel, Josephine: 53.

Loisel, Regis: 46, 53, 61.

Long, Major S. H.: 44.

Lorimier, Guillaume de: 52.

Lorimier, Louis: precedes party
by land, 5 1 ; sketch of, 5 1 ; meets
Sioux Indians, 55; goes by land
to Arikaras, 61; rejoins party,
65; at Little Big Horn, 77, 101;
at Crow v ; llages, 100; letter
from, 105; letter to, m; en-

T 8*g, 157.
Lost Creek: 53.
Loutre Island: 31, 146.
Louisiana Purchase Exposition:

135-

Lovely, Major William L.: 14.
Lucas, J. B. C.: 146.
Luipere River: 53.
Lumandiere, Marie: 30.

Luttig, Elizabeth: 14.

Luttig, John C.: clerk of Missouri
Fur Company, 12; merchant in
Baltimore, 13; death of, 14;
journal entries referred to, 18,
!9 55> 67; accepts present from
Arikaras, no; throws present
away, 112; letters to, 129-131;
guardian of Charbonneau chil-
dren, 133; contempt for Char-
bonneau, 137; cngagt, 157.

Lyman County, S.D.: 55,61.

Machecou, dit Antonio, Baptiste:
sketch of, 100; leaves Little Big
Horn River, 101; goes to meet
Sanguinet, 103; equipped for
hunt, in; ordered out of Fort,
114; returns, 127; escorts Char-
bonneau, 128; engage, 158.

McClellan, Robert: 44, 78.

McDonald, Henriette: 146.

McDowell, Mr.: 148.

Mackinac: 148, 153, 154.

McKnight, Robert: 17, 35.

McKnight-Chambers-Baird Expe-
dition: 17, 20, 35.

McKraken, Louis: 157.

McMines: 129.

Malboeuf, Elizabeth: 34.

Malbo?uf, Francois: 34.

Manaigle: see Manegre.

Mandan Fort: 15.

Mandan Indians: near British
posts, 24; villages of, 15, 79;
allies of Arikaras, 52; men-
tioned, 57, 68, 104, 133, 136, 138,
139, 140, 148; described, 74;
houses of, 75; at Fort Manuel,
8 1, 87, 90, 108, 112, 128; steal
horses, 83 ; demand a trader, 99;
Mandan chief, 146.

Mandan, N. D.: 74.

Manegre, Joseph: 80.

Manegre, Louis: sketch of, 80; en-
gag&, 157-

Maryland records: 13.

Marais des Cygnes: 50.

Marechal, Francois: in.

Maria's River: 102.

Index

Marmiton River: 50.

Marasse, Pierre: 157.

Marks, Dr. John: 151.

Marquette's map: referred to, 50.

Mason, Lieutenant John: 123.

Masquilonge, Quebec: 88.

Matson, N.: cited, 153.

Matthews, Dr. Washington: cited,
78, 132.

Maximilian, Prince of Wied: cited,
30, 64, 68, 78, 136, 137.

Mayet, Jean Baptiste: sketch of,
29; cuts pickets for fort, 82, 86;
engag&, 157.

Medicine Men, Cheyenne chief:
99.

Manier, Agnes: in.

Mercier, Antoine: sketch of, 77;
reported to have been killed, 98;
engagi, 157.

Mercier, Joseph: 77.

Merrill, Rev. Moses: 35.

Metaharta village: 136.

Mexican War: 146.

Micheltorena's Army: 35.

Michigan City, Ind.: 153.

Mine d'Espagne (Dubuque, Iowa),
13-

Minneconjou Indians: 57.

Minnesota Historical Society: 90.

Minnetarees: see Grosventre In-
dians.

Mississippi River: 51; Upper, 23.

Missouri Fur Company: men-
tioned, 11, 13, 15, 30, 35, 55, 64,
77, 79, 80, 89, loo, in, 114, 143,
144, 149, 156.

Missouri Garotte: 14, 15, 17, 144,

Missouri Historical Society: Ar-
chives, n, 12, 137; Collections,
?7, S3, 123-^

Missouri Indians: 32, 37, 51.

Missouri Intelligencer: 51.

Missouri Republican: 152.

Missouri River: Indians on, 23.

Missouri River Commission maps:
cited, 45, 48, 53, 97.

Mitchell, Major D. D.: 138.

Mohaw River: see Omaha River.

Monier, Jean Baptiste: 50.

Monona County, Iowa: 45.

Montana Daughters of American
Revolution: 135.

Montreal, Canada: 30.

Moore, James C. : 129,131.

Moreau River: 64.

Moreau Township, Cooper Coun-
ty, Mo.: 65.

Morton County, N. D.: 91, 97,
107.

Mosquito Creek: described, 44.

Muhlenberg County, Ky.: 65.

Murray, Charles Augustus: cited,
30.

Nadeau, Mrs. Virginia: 150.

Nadowa: see Nodaway, 38.

Napoleon, 111.: 146.

Naulette, Rene: 34.

Neil, Rev. Francis: 134, 140.

Nelson County, Ky.: 151.

Nemaha County, Kans.: 41.

Nemaha, Neb.: 41.

Nemaha River, Big or Great: de-
scribed, 40.

Nemaha River, Little: described,
41.

Neosho River: 51.

New Brunswick, N. Y.: 146.

New Madrid County, Mo.: 100,
in.

New Mexico: 17.

New Orleans: 13, 149.

Nez de Corbeau, Sioux chief:
sketch of, 72; receives present,
74; at Fort, 8 1, 82.

Nez Perces Indians: 106.

Nicollet's Map: referred to, 48,

Niobrara River: Poncas on, 50;
described, 53; mentioned, 54,

Nishnabotna, Mo. : 41.
Nishnabotna River: described, 41 .
Nodaway, Mo.: 38.
Nodaway River: escribed, 38.
Norman, Louis: 158.
North West Company: 15, 64, 78 ,
79, 88, 104, in, 122, 136, 149.

186

Index

O'Fallon, Benjamin: 144, 152.
Oglala Indians: 57, 58.
Ohheenaw (Le Grand), Cheyenne

Indian: 87.
Olden, Mary C.: 146.
Oliver, Ann Marie: 146.
Olmstead, UK: 146.
Omaha Indians: villages of, 48,

49; mentioned, 50, 54, 115, 148;

described, 51.
Omaha River: 47.
One-eyed, Grosventre chief: sec

Le Borgne.

Ooheneonpa Indians: 57.
Ordway, Sergeant John: 48.
Osage Indians: rescued Williams

from Kansas Indians, 19, 35;

mentioned, 32, 150; described,

SO, 51-

Osage River: 43, 50, 51, 60, ipi.
Otter Woman: wife of Toussaint

Charbonneau, 133.
Otoe Indiars: 35, 37, m; de-
scribed, 51.
Owl River: 64.
Oulle, Antoine: 89.
Oulle, Francois: sketch of, 89;

hunting, 99; goes to Grosventre

village, 109; returns, 121; en-

gagt, IS 8 -

Packs of furs: 74.

Papilliar, Cheyenne chief: 92.

Papillon Creek: 44.

Papillon, Neb.: 44.

Papin, Hypolite Leber: in charge
of Company's boat, 52; goes to
Grosventre village, 86; to Arik-
ara village, 87, 92, 93; at Grey
Eyes' camp, 94; goes to Bijou's
trading - post, 105; meets Im-
mell, 107; goes to Langue de
Biche's camp, 116; sketch of,
53; engagt, 157.

Papin, Sophie: 88.

Papin, Sylvestre: 53.

Papin family: 53.

Papinsville, Mo.: 50.

Pariki (a horn) : 69.

Parkman, Francis: 149.

Parkville, Mo.: 36.

Partizan, Saone Sioux Indian: 90.

Paston: 130.

Pasu Ksapa (Le Nez), Sioux chief:

55-

Patron: 29,42.
Pawnee County, Neb.: 40.
Pawnee Indians: mentioned, 37,

57, 101; described, 69.
Pawnee Island: 54.
Pawnee village: 30.
Pawnee Loup (Skidi) Indians: 69.
Pelletier, Jean B.: 154.
Peltier, Antoine: 157.
Penny, Margaret: 52.
Peoria, 111.: 154.
Pere, Mr.: 103.
Pereau, Paul: 158.
Polly, John: 157.
Perkins County, S. D.: 66.
Perrin, Catherine: 89.
Perrin du Lac's map: cited, 45,

S3-

Perry, Robert: 47.
Perry Creek: 47.
Peru, Neb.: 41.
Petit Arc Creek: 49.
Petite Cotes: see St. Charles.
Petite Riviere des Sioux: 45.
Petite-sas-Plains: 32.
Philibert, Edmond: 155.
Philibert, Joseph: 155.
Piegans Indians: 102.
Piaheto (Plume d'Aigje, Eagle's

Feather), Ankara chief: see La

Plume.

Picard, Helene: 34.
Picard, John: 88.
Pike, Lieutenant Zebulon M.: 43,

57; expedition of, 43, 50, 72, 90;

sketch of, 123.
Pike County, Mo.: 123.
Pike's Peak: 76, 123.
Pilcher, Joshua: letter from, 139.
Pilon, Rosalie: 156.
Pipestonc, Minn.: 51.
Platte County, Mo. : 36.
Platte River: described, 43; men-
tioned, 1 8, 51, 57, 69; North

Platte, 57, 91, 138.

Index

i8 7

Plume d'Aigle (Eagle's Feather):
see La Plume.

Plus: 125.

Point du Sable, Jean Baptiste:
sent for stolen horses, 93; sketch
of, 153; engag^, 157.

Point du Sable, Jean B., Jr.: death
of, 154.

Point du Sable, Susanne: 154.

Point Jacques : 44.

Point Labadie, Mo.: 144.

Ponca Indians: described, 50;
mentioned, 51, 115.

Ponca Creek: described, 54.

Poor Little Wolf, Cheyenne In-
dian: 99.

Portage des Sioux: 56, 90.

Portage ville, Mo.: 100.

Porteau: 18, 20.

Pottawattamie County, Iowa: 44,

Potter County, S. D.: in.

Potts, John: 102.

Poulin, Isadore: 148.

Poulin, Mary: 147.

Portland, Oregon: 135.

Pourcelle, A.: 129, 131

Prairie du Chien: 59.

Prairie du Feu: 33.

Prairie du Rocher: 59.

Pratte & Vasquez: 148.

Prevost, Jean Baptiste: sketch of,
90; turned out of Fort, 91;
arouses the Arikaras, 92; ac-
cused of inciting the Indians,
93; explains his conduct, 94;
pardoned by Lisa, 99; engag6,

157-

Primeau, Paul: 149.
Primeau, Pelagic: 149.
Primeau, Pierre: 158.
Princeton, N. J.: 146.
Provenchere, Peter: 103.
Pryor, Nathanjcel: 57, 74.
Pulaski County, 111.: 146.

Quapaw Reserve: 151.
Quebec, Canada: 149.
Quenneville, Francois: hunting,

60, 61; sketch of, "60; cngag6 y

157-
Quenneville family: 60.

Rajotte, Francois: in.

Raven Nose, Sioux chief: see Nez

de Corbeau.

Red River: 24, 47, 64, 70, 79, 88.
Red Shield, Indian chief: 73.
Reevey's Prairie: 38.
Republican Pawnee Indians: 69.
Ribeau, Agathe: 88.
Richardson, Amos: 29; sketch of,

144.

Richardson, Daniel: 144, 145.
Richardson, Nancy: 144.
Richardson, Richard: 145.
Richardson County, Neb. : 40.
Richwoods, Mo. : 139.
Riddle, Mrs. Esther Daniels: 146.
Riddle, James: 146.
Rio del Norte: 101.
RioGrande: 123.
Riviere a Jacques: 49.
Riviere Croche: 48.
Riviere des Soldats: 45.
Riviere du Chambly, Quebec: 34.
Riviere du Chene: 77.
Riviere du Loup: 40.
Riviere du Sauteux: 104.
Rob>idou, Frangois: meets expedi-
tion, 34; mentioned, 88, 138;

sketch of, 147.
Robidou, Joseph, Sr.: 147.
Robidou, Joseph, Jr. : 147.
Robidou family: 147.
Robjdoux, Louis R.: 147.
Robldoux, Sellico: 147.
Robinson, Dr. Doane: quoted, 67,

68. t

Rondin: 154.

Rodriguez, Marie Ignacia: 142.
Roger Creek: 44.
Rolet.te, dit Laderoute: 1^4.
Rolette, dit Laderoute, Catherine:

147.
Roman Nose, Sioux chief: see Nez

de Corbeau.
Rose, Edouard: 157.

188

Index

Rosebud Creek: 56.
Rosebud Landing, S. D.: 56.
Ross, Alexander: cited, 106.
Rotuie, Joseph: 156.
Rousseau, Michel: 157.
Routier, Genevieve: 148.
Roy, Francois: 157.
Roy, Madeleine: 156.
Ruff, Anne Elizabeth: 153.
Ruff, General Charles: 153.

Sacajawea: see Sakakawea.

Sage, Rufus: 140.

St. Charles County: 60, 64, 102,

146, 154; records of, 13.
St. Charles County Rangers: 35.
St. Charles, Mo.: described, 28;
mentioned, 27, 60, 91, 114, 153.
St. Clair County, 111.: court rec-
ords, 154-

St. Ferdinand Township: 138,146.
Ste. Genevieve: Mo. 43.
St. Germain, Andre: 157.
St. Helena, Neb.: 45.
St. John's Township, Mo.: 144.
St. Joseph, Mo.: 88, 147, 155.
St. Louis Catholic Cathedral: rec-
ords, 29, 154-

St. Louis, Mo.: court records, 13,
43, 59; mentioned, 17, 19, 53,
64, 114, I33 I34> I35> 139, HO,
142, 145, I47 H9, .156; boat,
leaves tor, 75; ex>edition leaves
27.335 directory of, 91, 155.
St. Louis Missouri Fur Company:

15,43, in, 148, 150, 151.
St. Michel, Jean Baptiste: 60.
St. Peter's River: 90, 122.
St. Pierre, Gueniche: 158.
St. Rose, Quebec: 34.
Sakakawea: wife of Toussaint
Charbonneau, 24; death of, 106;
sketch of, 132; mentioned, 138,
140; monuments to, 135.
Saline County, Mo.: 32.
Salt River: fort on, 123.
San Domingo: 153.
San Francisco: 35.
Sanguinet, Charles, fits: in search
of Champlain's party, 20, 76,

142, 158; makes signal fires, 54;
sends letter to Lisa, 101; asks
for men to meet him, 103; no
news from, 107; arrives at Fort,
Iio; goes hunting, 116; helps
Arikaras move, 117; goes to
Mandans, 119; engagt, 157;
sketch of, 149.

Sanguinet, Christopher: 149.
Sanguinet, Simon: 149.
Sanguinet famijy: 150.

Sanguinet & Robidou: 149.

Sans Arcs Indians: 57.

Santa Fe, N. M.: 36, 123.

SantaFeparty: 17; atFortOsage,
35; traders, 51.

Saone Indians: 56; described, 57;
peace conference with Ari^aras*
79; at Arikara vijlage, 97; at
Cheyenne camp, 124.

Sarpy County, Neb.: 44.

Sauk Indians: 27, 37, 148.

Sawyer: 39.

Say, Thomas: 44.

Scalp Song: 104.

Schaeffer, Augustus: 155.

Schultz, James: cited, 133.

Selkirk Establishment: 24.

Senecal: 103.

Shai-ene (Sioux name for Chey-
enne Indians), 70.

Shannon, George: 56.

Shannon Creek: 56.

Shawnee Indians: 52.

Sheheke (Big White), Mandan
chief: 57; sketch of, 73; deati
of, 82; mentioned, 79, 83.

Shepherd River: 29.

Shope's: 131.

Shoshone Mountains: 77.

Shoshoni Indians: mentioned, 79,
101, 135, 138; described, 106.

Sibley, Major George C., Indian
Agent: mentioned, 19, 34; de-
scribes Kansas Indians, 36.

Sibley, Mo.: 34.

Sihasapa Indians: 57.

Simoneau Island: 156.

Simpson, Dr. Robert: 131.

Sioux Indians: kill Lisa's men, 15;

Index

189

in War of 1812, 22, 55; trading-
house of, 28; mentioned, 50, 51,
55,70,109; territory of, 51; at
war with Poncas, 5 1 ; lodges of,
54, 104; at war with Arikaras,
76, 120; chiefs, 56, 77, 80; offer
to make peace with Arikaras, 79;
at Fort Manuel. 80, 82, 90; steal
horses from Fort, 83; reported
to have killed Bijou, 104, 105;
reject Lisa's friendship, 108;
Cheyennes offer peace pipe, 113;
fight Cheyennes, 115; commence
war on Arikaras, 113; chief
killed, 115; attack Fort Manuel,
125, 127; steal Cheyennes'
horses, 127; kill Grosventre In-
dian, 1 1 8.

Sioux City, Iowa: 45, 47.

Sire, Joseph A.: 156, 157.

Sleeper, Teton Sioux chief: sketch

of 55-

Sleepy Eyes, Sioux chief: 56.

Snake Indians: see Shoshoni In-
dians.

Snake River: 38.

Sni-a-bar Township, Jackson Co.,
Mo.: 33.

Soldier River: described, 45.

South Dakota Historical Society:
68.

Southwestern Historical Quarterly:

143-

Spanish Company: 60, 114, 149.

Spanish Country: 14.

Spanish Military Post: 27.

Spanish settlements: 18.

Spanish Traders: 16.

Spanish Waters: see Arkansas
River.

Springfield, ID.: 146.

Standing Rock Indian Reserva-
tion: 66.

Stanley County, S. D.: 63.

Stevens, Elisha, party: 35.

Stoddard County, Mo.: 52.

Sun Island: 41.

Sun River (Perry Creek): 47.

Superintendent of Indian Affairs:
S3, 139-

Sur-wa-carna (Park River): 64.

Tabeau, Celeste: 88.

Tabeau, Jacques: 88.

Tabeau family: 88.

Tanguay, L'Abb6 Cyprien: cited,
42, 89, 124.

Tapage, or Noisy Pawnee Indians :
60.

Tardit, G'-n'omme: 157.

Taylor, Major Zachary: 35.

Trhanka.ndata: 48.

Teton River (Bad River): men-
tioned, 52, 56, 57, 58; described,
62.

Teton Sioux Indians: mentioned,
55, 56; described, 57.

Third Missouri Infantry, C. S. A.:

151-

Thompson, David: 79.

Three Forks, Mont.: 135.

Ticio, Baptiste: 148.

Tillier, Rudolph, U. S. Indian Fac-
tor: 27.

Toulouse, Alexander: 158.

Tracy, Edward N.: 53.

Trail Creek: 153.

Tripp County, S. D.: 54.

Trudil, Francoise: 88.

Trudeau, Adrienne: 156.

Trudeau, Antoine L.: 156.

Trudeau, Jean Baptiste: 53, 60,
67, 114, 156.

Trudeau, Louis: 156.

Trudeau, Zenon: 103.

Tsis-tsis (Cheyenne): 70.

Two Forks: 135.

Two Kettle Indians: 57.

Upper Missouri Outfit: 148, 155.
U. S. Geological Survey: 135.
U. S. Indian Factory: 27.
U. S. Military Fort: 27.
Ute Indians: 101.

Valle, Jean Baptiste: 144.
Vasquez & Pratte: 148.
Vasseur, Helene: 34.
Vasseur, Joseph: 34.
Vera Cruz: 146.

190

Index

Verdigris River: 50.
Vermillion Post: 49.
Vermiilion, S. D.: 48.
Vermillion River: 48, 51.
Vernon County, Mo. : 51.
Vertefeuille, Joseph: 140.
Vertefeuille, Victoire: 140.
Vincennes, Ind.: 146.

Wabash River: 50.
Wah-kan-tah-pay, Indian chief:

Wakpa Chicha (Bad River): 62.
Wallis, Allen: 88.
Wallis, Maryanne: 88.
Warofi8i2: 14, 22, 30, 34, 55, 57,

146.

Washington County, Mo.: 139.
Washington County, Neb. : 44, 45 .
Washte Wajpa (Good River): 63.
Wasiska: 53.
Wassisha: 48.
Watpa-ipak-shan: 48.
Waugh, James C: 53.
Wayne County, Ky.: 31.
Weir, James: 65.
Weir, John: 65.
Weir, William: sketch o", 65; en-

gag, 157.

Welch, Rev. J. E.: 134-
Wells County, N. D.: 49.
Westport, Mo.: 140.
Weterhoo (Grand River): 65.
Wheeler, O. D.: cited, 62, 137.

White Lime Creek: 53.

White Paint Creek: 53.

White River: 14, 57, 140; de-
scribed, 55.

Whitestone River: 48.

Wihethtanga, Osage Indian wom-
an: 60.

Wilkinson, General James: 27.

Williams, Ezekiel: adventures of,
17-19; goes back to Arapaho
village, 20; prisoner in Kansas
village, 19, 35.

Wilt, Catherine: 153.

Wilt, Christian: letter-book of, 12,
13, 15; letters to Luttig, 129-

131-

Wind River Mountains: 77.
Winnebago Indians: 51.
Winnebago Land Company: 146.
Wiser, Peter: 102.
Woahl, Francois: see Oulle.
Wolf River: 40.
Wyeth, Nathaniel: 140.

Yankton Indians: described, 51;
mentioned, 55, 56.

Yankton, S. D.: 49.

Yanktonai Indians: 51; men-
tioned, 55, 72, 139; arrive at
Fort, 81.

Yellowstone River: 77.

York (Toronto), Canada: 123.

Zimm, Bruno Louis: 135.

Index 191

MISSOURI HISTORICAL SOCIETY
PUBLICATIONS FOR SALE

Vol. I., No. i 'The Campaign of Missouri and Battle of Wilson's
Creek, Col. William M. Wherry, 1880.*

Vol. I., No. 2 Recollections of Septuagenarian, Wm. Waldo, 1880.*

Vol. I., No. 3 -Archaeological Explorations in Cole County, Mo.
Dr. N. DeWyl; Prehistoric Remains in Missouri-
Prof. G. C. Broadhead, 1880.*

Vol. I., No. 4 Amended Charter and By-Laws, 1880. $0.25.

Vol. I., No. 5 Samuel Gaty of St. Louis 'Darby & Todd, 1881.
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Vol. I., No. 6 Archaeology of Missouri Hilder.*

Vol. I., No. 7 President's Annual Address Leighton, 1883. #1.00.

Vol. I., No. 8 Historical Societies in their Relation to Local His-
torical Interest C. F. Robertson, 1883.*

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Vol. I., No. ii 'President's Address 'Constitution and By-Laws and
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son, 1902. $1.50.

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Vol. II., No. 5 'The Montezuma Mounds Gerard Fowke, 1905.*

*Out of print; of some of the others very few copies remain.

192

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1906. $1.50.
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BOOKS

A Journey to the Rocky Mountains in the Year 1839, by F. A. Wis-
lizenus, M.D. Translated from the German, with a sketch of the
author's life, by Frederick A. Wislizenus, Esq. St. Louis. Mis-
souri Historical Society, 1912. 162 pp. Frontispiece portrait and
map. 8vo. $4.00.

Official Report of the Universal Congress of Lawyers and Jurists. Held
at St. Louis, Missouri, U. S. A., September 28, 29 and 30, 190^,
under the auspices of the Universal Exposition and American Bar
Association. Edited by the Secretary of the Congress. St. Louis.
Published b^ the Executive Committee, 1905. 423 pp. 8vo. 16
copies only. $2.00, net.

Universal Exposition of 1904, by David R. Francis. 2 vols. St. Louis.
Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, 1913. Roy. 8vo. 1133
pp., with several hundred illustrations. 250 copies. #5.00, net.

Three Years Among the Indians and Mexicans, by Thomas James.
Edited with notes and biographical sketches by Walter B. Douglas.
St. Louis. Missouri Historical Society, 1916. 316 pp. Portraits
and map. 8vo. #6.00, net.

HD Luttig, John C

99^ Journal of a fur-trading

U*f6M8 expedition

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